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61.
Background, aim, and scope
Benzotriazoles (BT) as 1H-benzotriazole (1H-BT), 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5Me-BT), and 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4Me-BT) are frequently used as corrosion inhibitors in dish washer detergents, aircraft de-icing/anti-icing fluids (ADAF), automotive antifreeze formulations, brake fluids, fluids for industrial cooling systems, metal-cutting fluids, and in solid cooling lubricants. Discharge of treated municipal waste water and controlled over-runs of combined waste water sewers are potential point sources for BT in rivers. The aim of this monitoring study was to yield an overview on exposure concentrations and loads of BT in the German rivers Main, Hengstbach, and Hegbach. 相似文献62.
Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the partitioning behavior of a set of diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After equilibration at a temperature of 25 °C, the VOC concentrations were measured by headspace method in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The obtained data were used to determine the partition coefficients (KP) of VOCs in a gas-liguid-solid system. The results have shown that the presence and nature of solid materials in the working solution control the air-water partitioning of dissolved VOCs. The air/solution partitioning of BTEX and C9-C10 aldehydes was most affected in the presence of diesel soot. KP values decreased by a factor ranging from 1.5 for toluene to 3.0 for ethylbenzene. The addition of mineral dust in the working solution exhibited greater influence on the partitioning of short aldehydes. KP values decreased by a factor of 1.8. The experimental partition coefficients were used to develop a predictive model for partitioning of BTEX and n-aldehydes between air, water and solid phases. 相似文献
63.
Jucundus Jacobeit Elke Hertig Stefanie Seubert Karin Lutz 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(5):1891-1906
Besides dynamical downscaling by regional climate models, statistical downscaling (SD) is a major tool to derive climate change projections on regional or even local scales. For the Mediterranean area, an increasing number of downscaling studies based on different statistical techniques have been published in the last two decades with a broad range of sometimes differing results relating to different variables and regional domains. This paper gives a short review of these Mediterranean downscaling studies mainly considering the following two aspects: (1) what kind of progress has been realized in this field since the early 1990s? The review addresses the inclusion of extremes in downscaling assessments, the development of probabilistic approaches, the extension of predictor sets, the use of ensembles for both dynamical model simulations and statistical model assessments, the consideration of non-stationarities in the predictor–predictand relationships, and some advances related to synoptic downscaling. (2) What are the main regional climate change signals in the Mediterranean area, considering agreed and controversial points also with respect to dynamical models? Best accordance among future projections can be found in seasonal temperatures with lower rates of warming in winter and spring, and, in most cases, higher ones in summer and autumn. Different results are obtained for the intra-annual range of extreme temperatures, but high-temperature conditions are generally expected to increase. Regarding seasonal precipitation, predominant reductions are indicated for spring, summer, and autumn. For winter, however, projections are distinctly different (GCMs: rainfall decrease; RCMs: increase only in the northernmost parts of the Mediterranean region; SD: widespread increases in the northern and western parts in several studies). Different results are obtained for rainfall extremes, but the entire precipitation distribution tends to shift towards higher and lower values. Apart from some sub-regional deviations, there is a predominant increase in future dry period durations. For near-surface winds, only a few studies are available, and they project some decline mainly for the winter season. 相似文献
64.
Summary Hierarchies in worker dominance are well developed in reproductive workers of the Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis Esch.). Elements that influence worker dominance (trophallactic behaviour, fecundity, queen substance content) are mainly genetically determined. The estimated values for the heritabilities in the broader sense range from 0.27 to 0.89. This genetically based hierarchy leads to new insight into the theory of natural selection in honeybees. Besides selection at the colony level, or selection at the level of reproductives, natural selection also operates at the level of the individual worker bee within a colony. 相似文献
65.
Elke I. Zimmer Thomas G. Preuss Steve Norman Barbara Minten Virginie Ducrot 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2018,30(1):36
Background
Available literature and regulatory studies show that the severity of effects of beta-cyfluthrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) on fish is influenced by the magnitude and duration of exposure. To investigate how the exposure pattern to beta-cyfluthrin (constant vs peak) may influence the response of the fish, we used a mechanistic effect model to predict the survival and growth of the rainbow trout over its early life stages (i.e. egg, alevin and swim-up fry). We parameterized a toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) module in combination with a dynamic energy budget model enabling us to describe uptake and elimination, as well as to predict the threshold concentration for survival and sublethal effects (feeding behaviour and growth). This effect model was calibrated using data from an early life stage experiment where trout was exposed to a constant concentration of cyfluthrin. The model was validated by comparing model predictions to independent data from a pulsed-exposure study with early life stages of rainbow trout.Results
The co-occurrence of effects on behaviour and growth raised the possibility that these were interrelated, i.e. impairment of feeding behaviour may have led to reduced food intake and slower growth. We, therefore, included ‘effect on feeding’ as mode of action in the TKTD module. At higher concentrations, the constant exposure led to death. The model was able to adequately capture this effect pattern in the calibration. The model was able to adequately predict the response of fish eggs, alevins and swim-up fry, from both the qualitative (response pattern) and quantitative points of view.Conclusions
Since the model was successfully validated, it can be used to predict survival and growth of early life stages under various realistic time-variable exposure profiles (e.g. profiles from FOCUS surface water modelling) of beta-cyfluthrin.66.
1 and C2 hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, dichloromethane). Measures aiming at the reduction of
toxic emissions and ozone depletion potential (ODP) may possibly lead to a shift of environmental impacts towards higher energy
consumption, emission of waste water, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) with photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP).
The present article concerns itself with a life cycle assessment of the three main degreasing processes in order to compare
their integral environmental impacts with one another. This is supplemented by presenting the methodology of the life cycle
inventory life cycle inventory analysis (LCI). Generally, the applicability of the established LCI method can be shown quite
clearly. However, some difficulties arise, especially at the stage of the goal definition, as the use of the process and the
functional unit cannot be pinned down as easily and neatly as for most other products. The definition of the use of the process
and the functional unit is not as straightforward as for most products. Among the potential functional units identified are
the mass of removed impurities, cleaning time, cleaning work, percentage of purity, throughput of parts, loads, mass or surface
and virtual coefficients. The mass of removed impurities turned out to be the most suitable parameter for measuring the technical
performance of degreasing processes. The article discusses background, purpose, scope, system boundaries, target group, process
tree and representativeness of the present study. 相似文献
67.
Antonia Köhler Philipp Hildenbrand Elke Schleucher Rüdiger Riesch Lenin Arias-Rodriguez Bruno Streit Martin Plath 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(8):1513-1523
Sexual harassment by males has the potential to affect almost any aspect of female behavior and life history. Using Atlantic
mollies (Poecilia mexicana) as a model—a species in which males do not court but almost constantly try to forcefully mate with females—we asked whether
and how male harassment influences (a) females’ time budgets and (b) feeding rates (e.g., through frequent flight from male
approaches), and (c) whether metabolic rates are increased as a response to stress. Field observations in a natural P. mexicana population revealed that males (average feeding rate 15%) spent far less time feeding than females (60%), and clearly traded
off frequent pursuit of females with foraging. Most importantly, females’ feeding times were dramatically reduced when being
pursued by a harassing male. Also in standardized lab experiments, females spent significantly less time feeding when accompanied
by a male as compared to being in the presence of another female. This effect was also observed when partner fish (male or
female) were presented only visually, but could not interact physically with the focal female. It seems, therefore, that females
increase vigilance when a harassing male is around, which keeps them from feeding even before males actually approach them.
Based on the latter result, we asked whether a stress-induced increase in metabolic rates would be discernible. We measured
oxygen consumption and gill ventilation frequencies (opercular rates) of females in different social contexts (alone, with
another female, or a male). The predicted, strong body mass dependency of both physiological parameters was uncovered, but
no evidence for an effect of social context was detected. We argue that male harassment represents such a constant (but non-lethal)
stressor for poeciliid females that their metabolic stress responses have adapted to this through habituation. 相似文献
68.
Spatial and temporal variability in the relationship between cyanobacterial biomass and microcystins
Som Cit Sinang Elke S. Reichwaldt Anas Ghadouani 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(8):6379-6395
The increasing incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms, together with the difficulties to reliably predict cyanobacterial toxin (e.g. microcystins) concentration, has created the need to assess the predictive ability and variability of the cyanobacterial biomass–microcystin relationship, which is currently used to assess the risk to human and ecosystems health. To achieve this aim, we assessed the relationship between cyanobacterial biomass and microcystin concentration on a spatiotemporal scale by quantifying the concentration of cyanobacterial biomass and microcystin in eight lakes over 9 months. On both a temporal and spatial scale, the variability of microcystin concentration exceeded that of cyanobacterial biomass by up to four times. The relationship between cyanobacterial biomass and microcystin was weak and site specific. The variability of cyanobacterial biomass only explained 25 % of the variability in total microcystin concentration and 7 % of the variability of cellular microcystin concentration. Although a significant correlation does not always imply real cause, the results of multiple linear regression analysis suggest that the variability of cyanobacterial biomass and cellular microcystin concentration is influenced by salinity and total phosphorus, respectively. The weak cyanobacterial biomass–microcystin relationship, coupled with the fact that microcystin was present in concentrations exceeding the WHO drinking water guidelines (1 μg?L?1) in most of the collected samples, emphasizes the high risk of error connected to the traditional indirect microcystin risk assessment method. 相似文献