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101.
Vernica Morales‐Casa Francisco Barraza Elizabeth Collante Rosanna Ginocchio Hctor Jorquera Fabrice Lambert Esteban Ospina Csar Sez‐Navarrete Jos Varas 《环境质量管理》2020,29(3):17-25
Settleable particulate matter (SPM) is an atmospheric pollutant harmful to human health and the environment in high concentrations. Despite this fact, no up‐to‐date information on SPM levels exists for the capital of Chile, Santiago (7 million inhabitants). To address this knowledge gap, SPM sedimentation rates, including soluble and insoluble components, were measured at three different urban sites from July to November of 2016. We compare the measurements with ambient and meteorological information, as well as urban typology settings. Our results indicate SPM deposition rates between 2.5 and 3.9 g/(m2·30 days). Only one site exceeded the national limit of 4.5 g/(m2·30 days), but we found an increasing trend in all three sites. SPM and its insoluble sedimentation rates increased during warm and dry months and presented significant correlations with meteorological parameters. The highest sedimentation rates were measured at the location with the least permeable surfaces and the lowest green spaces, while the lowest sedimentation rates were found in the sites with abundant green spaces and permeable soil. No significant differences were detected in the soluble components. Our results suggest that SPM levels in Santiago are close to the national limit and may increase with climate change and urban expansion. 相似文献
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White lupin plants were grown in hydroponics with 0, 90 and 180 µmol L?1 Pb(II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate complex for 30 days. Pb distribution (shoot/root ratio) was 0.34 and 0.46 for both Pb treatments. In the shoots, no decrease in biomass nor in photosynthetic pigment levels and no changes in the concentrations of malondialdehyde and glutathione were detected. In the roots, malondialdehyde increased by 20%, glutathione 2–3.6 times and phytochelatin concentrations 4–5 times. The high tolerance of white lupin makes it a valuable plant for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soil. 相似文献
105.
Elvira Morote María Pilar Olivar Anna Bozzano Fernando Villate Ibon Uriarte 《Marine Biology》2011,158(6):1349-1361
Feeding ecology was analysed for the first time in the larvae of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) to determine whether their diet and selectivity were constrained by environmental conditions and how these feeding characteristics
were related to ontogeny, prey availability and visual capabilities. Larvae collected during both day and night were analysed,
and it was found that feeding incidence was high, regardless of the time of day. Examination of the visual system corroborated
the hypothesis that hake larvae should be able to cope with a wide range of photic conditions and to forage even at low light
intensity. A clear preference for adult calanoid copepods and, especially, for Clausocalanus spp. was observed in all sizes analysed. Prey number increased with larval size, but prey size did not. This finding indicates
that hake larvae behave as selective and specialist predators that consume an increasing number of prey rather than larger
prey during larval growth. 相似文献
106.
Laura Pavesi Valentina Iannilli Paola Zarattini Elvira De Matthaeis 《Marine Biology》2007,151(4):1585-1595
The distribution of three talitrid species—Talitrus saltator (Montagu, 1808), Orchestia gammarella (Pallas, 1766), Platorchestia platensis (Kroyer, 1845)—in the beach-dune system at the mouth of the Mignone River (central Italy) was analysed. It was related to
the variations of the following abiotic factors: temperature, penetrability, pH, conductivity and moisture of the sediment.
The beach-dune system is influenced by human impact and natural erosion. All species showed a maximum capture frequency in
November, while the abundance decreased to a minimum in July. T. saltator was dominant on the beach, the other two along the riverbank. Juveniles were abundant along the riverbank; they were most
abundant in November and almost disappeared in summer. T. saltator was more abundant near the waterline during the hottest months and occupied the inner beach in winter, with occasional presences
on the dune. Regression analysis between the abiotic factors and species abundance showed a positive relationship with pH
and temperature for T. saltator, while O. gammarella was negatively related to pH. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that penetrability, moisture and temperature
had the greatest influence on the species. T. saltator was almost entirely confined to the beach transects and strongly associated with penetrability, temperature and pH values.
O. gammarella was mostly associated with the riverbank and P. platensis only found there and on a nearby pool. The two species were mainly influenced by moisture and variations in grain sizes of
the sediment. 相似文献
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Urbanization decreases species diversity, but it increases the abundance of certain species with high tolerance to human activities.
The safe-habitat hypothesis explains this pattern through a decrease in the abundance of native predators, which reduces predation
risk in urban habitats. However, this hypothesis does not consider the potential negative effects of human-associated disturbance
(e.g., pedestrians, dogs, cats). Our goal was to assess the degree of perceived predation risk in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) through field studies and semi-natural experiments in areas with different levels of urbanization using multiple indicators
of risk (flock size, flight initiation distance, vigilance, and foraging behavior). Field studies showed that house finches
in more urbanized habitats had a greater tendency to flock with an increase in population density and flushed at larger distances
than in less urbanized habitats. In the semi-natural experiment, we found that individuals spent a greater proportion of time
in the refuge patch and increased the instantaneous pecking rate in the more urbanized habitat with pedestrians probably to
compensate for the lower amount of foraging time. Vigilance parameters were influenced in different ways depending on habitat
type and distance to flock mates. Our results suggest that house finches may perceive highly urbanized habitats as more dangerous,
despite the lower number of native predators. This could be due to the presence of human activities, which could increase
risk or modify the ability to detect predators. House finches seem to adapt to the urban environment through different behavioral
strategies that minimize risk. 相似文献
110.
Effect of tetracycline residues in pig manure slurry on tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance gene tet(M) in soil microcosms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Agersø Y Wulff G Vaclavik E Halling-Sørensen B Jensen LB 《Environment international》2006,32(7):876-882
Effects of tetracycline residues from pig manure slurry on the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(M), were studied in soil microcosms. Four types of soil microcosms were established for a period of 152 days, supplemented with combinations of pig manure slurry and a tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, CG110, containing the tetracycline resistance gene tet(M) (on the conjugative transposon, Tn916). The prevalence of both tetracycline-resistant aerobic bacteria and tetracycline-resistant enterococci declined rapidly until day 45 where no significant differences in the levels of tetracycline-resistant bacteria in any of the four types of microcosms could be detected. tet(M) could be detected in microcosms supplemented with either pig manure slurry and/or E. faecalis CG110 (tet(M)) for the whole period (152 days). tet(M) could be detected longer than tetracycline-resistant enterococci could be isolated (limit of detection 100 CFU/g soil) probably due to viable but not culturable (VBNC) bacteria with tet(M), horizontal gene transfer of tet(M) to indigenous soil bacteria or presence of "free" DNA. The concentration of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline were almost stable through out the experimental period, but the tetracycline concentrations had no effect on prevalence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria. The presented microcosm approach simulated natural farmland conditions well and supported results from previous field studies. 相似文献