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61.
Physicochemical quality of an urban municipal wastewater effluent and its impact on the receiving environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Emmanuel E. O. Odjadjare Anthony I. Okoh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,170(1-4):383-394
The physicochemical qualities of the final effluents of an urban wastewater treatment plant in South Africa were assessed between August 2007 and July 2008 as well as their impact on the receiving watershed. The pH values across all sampling points ranged between 6.8 and 8.3, while the temperature varied from 18°C to 25°C. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the samples was in the range of 29–1,015 μS/cm, and turbidity varied between 2.7 and 35 NTU. Salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS) varied from 0.36 to 35 psu and 16 to 470 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of the other physicochemical parameters are as follows: chemical oxygen demand (COD, 48–1,180 mg/L); dissolved oxygen (DO, 3.9–6.6 mg/L); nitrate (0.32–6.5 mg NO $_{3}^{-}$ as N/L); nitrite (0.06–2.4 mg NO $_{2}^{-}$ as N/L); and phosphate (0.29–0.54 mg PO $_{4}^{3-}$ as P/L). pH, temperature, EC, turbidity, TDS, DO, and nitrate varied significantly with season and sampling point (P?<?0.05 and P?<?0.01, respectively), while salinity varied significantly with sampling point (P?<?0.01) and COD and nitrite varied significantly with season (P?<?0.05). Although the treated effluent fell within the recommended water quality standard for pH temperature, TDS, nitrate and nitrite, it fell short of stipulated standards for other parameters. The result generally showed a negative impact of the discharged effluent on the receiving watershed and calls for a regular and consistent monitoring program by the relevant authorities to ensure best practices with regard to treatment and discharge of wastewater into the receiving aquatic milieu in South Africa. 相似文献
62.
B. Baijulal V. Sobha S. Jissy Jyothi D. Padmalal Jude Emmanuel 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(9):7181-7193
The present paper deals with the distribution of sediment and sediment-bound nutrients in two important coastal lagoons of southern Kerala such as the Ashtamudi Estuarine Lagoon in the Kollam district and the Kadinamkulam Lagoon in the Thiruvananthapuram district. Among the two lagoons, the former is coast perpendicular, and the latter is coast parallel. An analysis of the textural characteristics reveals that, in both lagoons, the estuarine mouth and areas close to it are dominated by sand and sand-rich sediment species, indicating a high-energy depositional regime prevailing the region. On the other hand, the silt and clay dominant arms are almost sheltered and enjoy a low-energy depositional environment. The nutrient and organic carbon contents in the sheltered areas are significantly higher than the most dynamic high-energy estuarine mouth regions. This peculiar behaviour of these coastal water bodies has to be given adequate importance while laying down strategies for the conservation and management of these fragile aquatic systems in the south-western coast of India in particular and tropical coasts of the world in general. 相似文献
63.
Beryl Vedha Yesudhason Jothipandi Jegathambigai Pon Amutha Thangasamy Durga Devi Lakshmanan Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan Christyraj Emmanuel Joshua Jebasingh Sathya Balasingh Thangapandi Muthukalingan Krishnan Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):4745-4752
The earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae is a segmented worm. It has two pairs of testes whose cells are highly proliferative. It was found that the earthworm, which is irradiated with X-ray, shows the following phenotypic changes in its sperm: fragmented acrosome in the head, break in the tail, and the appearance of zigzag sperm tail. Sperm morphology can be used as a tool to study radiation hazards in local areas. These three phenotypes were not observed in the sperm of worms exposed to different concentration of toxic chemicals such as sodium arsenate, lead acetate, and mercuric chloride. In contrast, exposure of worms to ethidium bromide caused fragmented acrosome in the head of their sperm cells. 相似文献
64.
65.
Yannick Mamindy-Pajany Stéphanie Sayen Emmanuel Guillon 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(7):4414-4423
A soil column adsorption–desorption study was performed on an agricultural calcareous soil to determine the impact of sewage sludge spreading on nickel mobility. Ni adsorption experiments were followed by desorption tests involving the following liquid extractants: water, calcium (100 mg/L), oxalic acid (525 mg/L equivalent to 100 mg carbon/L), and sludge extracts (0.5 and 2.5 g/L). Desorption tests were also conducted after sewage sludge spreading at three application rates (30, 75, and 150 t/ha). According to the breakthrough curve, Ni adsorption was irreversible and occurred mainly through interactions with calcite surface sites. Nickel desorption from the soil column was promoted in presence of significant dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration as observed with oxalic acid elution and sludge extract at 2.5 g/L. In sludge-amended soil columns, the maximum Ni levels occurred in first pore volumes, and they were positively correlated to the sludge application rate. The presence of DOC in leaching waters was the main factor controlling Ni desorption from the sludge-amended soil columns. This finding implies that DOC generated by sludge applied on calcareous soils might facilitate the leaching of Ni due to the formation of soluble Ni–organic complexes. Thus, sludge application can have potential environmental impacts in calcareous soils, since it promotes nickel transport by decreasing Ni retention by soil components. 相似文献
66.
United Nations estimates indicate that up to 70% of the world’s poor are female, and women in developing countries constitute
the majority of the labour force, playing a key role in managing community resources and helping to improve food security
and protect the environment. Increased attention in recent years has been focused on the potential role of non-timber forest
products (NTFPs) in improving the incomes and health of women in developing countries. NTFPs farming and marketing are very
critical for the economic empowerment of rural poor, particularly women. Despite this potential, the contribution of NTFPs
farming to the empowerment of women remains largely undervalued and understudied. This paper examines the potential contribution
of NTFPs farming in poverty reduction and livelihood improvement of women in Ghana using the Sefwi Wiawso District (SWD) and
Bibiani-Bekwai District (BBD) in the Western Region of Ghana as a case study. The paper explores the contribution of NTFPs
farming to the total annual income, acquisition of assets, health, and food security of women through participatory research
methods. ANOVA and Pearson Correlation (p < 0.05) show that a significant association exists between total annual income of women, acquisition of assets, health, food
security, and the income earned from NTFPs in the SWD and BBD. The study revealed that NTFPs can contribute significantly
to the economic empowerment of women. The paper asserts that commercialisation of NTFPs will have a greater impact on women’s
livelihoods and therefore any opportunity for increasing their involvement is very essential for the empowerment and sustainable
development of rural communities in Ghana. 相似文献
67.
Yadav Uprety Ram C. Poudel Hugo Asselin Emmanuel Boon 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):463-492
A survey of plant biodiversity and ethnobotany was conducted along the Seti river banks in the Tanahun district of Western
Nepal. This area, home of the Magar ethnic group, will be impacted by a major hydropower project, currently under feasibility study. The objective of the study
was to document plant biodiversity and ethnobotany in order to suggest appropriate conservation and management strategies.
Botanical sampling was conducted inside quadrats and along transects. A total of 221 plant species were recorded in the study
area, distributed as herbs (80 species), trees (68), shrubs (28), climbers (19), pteridophytes (18), lianas (5), and epiphytes
(3). Twelve of the inventoried species figure in one or more conservation categories identified by various national or international
agencies. Group discussions and personal interviews allowed to find out that 43% of the species were ethnobotanically important
for the local people and that most were used as medicine, food, or timber. We propose specific species for sustainable use
programs based on certain criteria. The area is very important in terms of plant biodiversity and ethnobotany, and hence,
immediate implementation of conservation measures is recommended to maintain the high social, ecological and economic values
of the area. 相似文献
68.
Flipo N Jeannée N Poulin M Even S Ledoux E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,146(1):241-256
The objective of this work is to combine several approaches to better understand nitrate fate in the Grand Morin aquifers (2700 km(2)), part of the Seine basin. cawaqs results from the coupling of the hydrogeological model newsam with the hydrodynamic and biogeochemical model of river ProSe. cawaqs is coupled with the agronomic model Stics in order to simulate nitrate migration in basins. First, kriging provides a satisfactory representation of aquifer nitrate contamination from local observations, to set initial conditions for the physically based model. Then associated confidence intervals, derived from data using geostatistics, are used to validate cawaqs results. Results and evaluation obtained from the combination of these approaches are given (period 1977-1988). Then cawaqs is used to simulate nitrate fate for a 20-year period (1977-1996). The mean nitrate concentrations increase in aquifers is 0.09 mgN L(-1)yr(-1), resulting from an average infiltration flux of 3500 kgN.km(-2)yr(-1). 相似文献
69.
Demetrios Rizos Demetrios Hassiakos Panagiota Grigori-Kostaraki Angeliki Sarandakou Demetrios Botsis Emmanuel Salamalekis 《黑龙江环境通报》2002,22(3):221-225
Recent studies suggest that leptin, the product of the obese gene, is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. The present study addressed the question whether second trimester maternal serum leptin could be altered by fetal Down syndrome or Edwards syndrome. Maternal serum leptin concentrations were measured in 18 pregnancies complicated with Down syndrome, six pregnancies complicated with Edwards syndrome and 183 uncomplicated pregnancies during the second trimester of pregnancy. The present results demonstrate that leptin concentrations in uncomplicated pregnancies slightly decrease from the 16th week of pregnancy, reaching a minimum of 18.8 ng/ml around the 20th week, and then rapidly increase to 28.2 ng/ml by the 24th week. Leptin correlation with maternal body weight decreases from r=0.695 at 16–17 week of gestation to r=0.544 at >22 weeks of gestation. There was no significant difference between the mean MoMs of Down syndrome- (0.926) or Edwards syndrome- (0.960) affected pregnancies and normal pregnancies (1.002). A weak correlation (r=0.18, p<0.02) was observed between corrected leptin MoMs and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) MoMs in normal pregnancies. It is assumed that around the 20th week of pregnancy placental leptin production is activated or at least is accelerated and it is added to the amount of leptin produced by maternal adipose tissue. Fetal Down syndrome or Edwards syndrome does not seem to alter maternal leptin concentration and therefore leptin cannot be used as a marker for these chromosomal abnormalities in the early second trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
70.
Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on annual grassland and coastal sage scrub hillslopes to determine the quantities of C and N removed by surface runoff in sediment and solution. Undisturbed coastal sage scrub soils have very high infiltration capacities (> 140 mm h(-1)), preventing the generation of surface runoff. Trampling disturbance to the sage scrub plots dramatically reduced infiltration capacities, increasing the potential for surface runoff and associated nutrient loss. Infiltration capacities in the grassland plots (30-50 mm h(-1)) were lower than in the sage scrub plots. Loss rates of dissolved C and N in surface runoff from grasslands were 0.5 and 0.025 mg m(-2) s(-1) respectively, with organic N accounting for more than 50% of the dissolved N. Total dissolved losses with simulated rainfall were higher than losses in simulations with just surface runoff, demonstrating the importance of raindrop impact in transferring solutes into the flow. Experimental data were incorporated into a numerical model of runoff and sediment transport to estimate hillslope-scale sediment-bound nutrient losses from grasslands. According to the model results, sediment-bound nutrient losses are sensitive to the density of vegetation cover and rainfall intensity. The model estimates annual losses in surface runoff of 0.2 and 0.02 g m(-2) for sediment-hound C and N, respectively. The results of this study suggest that conversion of coastal sage scrub to annual grasslands increases hillslope nutrient losses and may affect stream water quality in the region. 相似文献