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排序方式: 共有302条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
161.
Jan M. Pestka Florian Barvencik Frank T. Beil Robert P. Marshall Eilin Jopp Arndt F. Schilling Andreas Bauerochse Mamoun Fansa Klaus Püschel Michael Amling 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(4):393-402
Although numerous bodies were deposited in Western European bogs in the past centuries, few were found and underwent archeological
analysis. No studies comparing skeletal structure and mineralization of bog bodies from different ages have been performed
to this day. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze and compare skeletal features and specifics of the human remains
of three bog bodies from the Iron and Middle Ages found in Northern European peat bogs. Demineralization due to the acidic
environment in peat bogs was comparably pronounced in all three bodies. Still, the macroscopic state of skeletal preservation
was excellent. In addition to contact radiography, we used peripheral quantitative computed tomography to measure cortical
bone mineral density. The conservation of skeletal three-dimensional microstructural elements was assessed by high-resolution
microcomputed tomography analysis. These techniques revealed severe differences in bone mineral density and enabled us to
determine handedness in all three bodies. Additionally, unique skeletal features like intravital bone lesions, immobilization
osteoporosis, and Harris lines were found. A deformity of the left femoral head was observed which had the typical appearance
of an advanced stage of Legg–Calve–Perthes disease. This study gives detailed insight into the skeletal microstructure and
microarchitecture of 800- to 2,700-year-old bog bodies. Skeletal analysis enables us to draw conclusions not only concerning
changes in the acidic environment of the bog, but also serves as a diagnostic tool to unravel life circumstances and diseases
suffered by humans in the Iron and Middle Ages. 相似文献
162.
Transgenerational plasticity in the sea: context-dependent maternal effects across the life history 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marshall DJ 《Ecology》2008,89(2):418-427
Maternal effects can have dramatic influences on the phenotype of offspring. Maternal effects can act as a conduit by which the maternal environment negatively affects offspring fitness, but they can also buffer offspring from environmental change by altering the phenotype of offspring according to local environmental conditions and as such, are a form of transgenerational plasticity. The benefits of maternal effects can be highly context dependent, increasing performance in one life-history stage but reducing it in another. While maternal effects are increasingly well understood in terrestrial systems, studies in the marine environment are typically restricted to a single, early life-history stage. Here, I examine the role of maternal effects across the life history of the bryozoan Bugula neritina. I exposed maternal colonies to a common pollution stress (copper) in the laboratory and then placed them in the field for one week to brood offspring. I then examined the resistance of offspring to copper from toxicant-exposed and toxicant-na?ve mothers and found that offspring from toxicant-exposed mothers were larger, more dispersive, and more resistant to copper stress than offspring from na?ve mothers. However, maternal exposure history had pervasive, negative effects on the post-metamorphic performance (particularly survival) of offspring: offspring from toxicant-exposed mothers had poorer performance after six weeks in the field, especially when facing high levels of intraspecific competition. Maternal experience can have complex effects on offspring phenotype, enhancing performance in one life-history stage while decreasing performance in another. The context-dependent costs and benefits associated with maternally derived pollution resistance may account for why such resistance is induced rather than continually expressed: mothers must balance the benefits of producing pollution-resistant larvae with the costs of producing poorer performing adults (in the absence of pollution). 相似文献
163.
Participatory modeling is the process of incorporating stakeholders, often including the public, and decision makers into an otherwise purely analytic modeling process to support decisions involving complex natural resources questions. Participatory modeling is particularly compatible with the rising focus on integrated water resources management, which incorporates systems theory and aims to protect and improve water resources while considering economic and social concerns in the community. In this article, we present a series of lessons based on experience working with stakeholder groups to develop watershed and water quality models to address water resource issues in Maryland, Vermont, Utah, and Virginia. We believe these lessons in participatory modeling, discussed from our perspective as scientists and modelers engaged in applied watershed issues, can help to achieve successful participatory modeling efforts elsewhere. The lessons relate to stakeholder engagement, modeling tools, model development and calibration, scenario testing, and applying results to management decisions. 相似文献
164.
Robert Marshall Catherine Smith 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1999,42(5):691-706
This paper investigates the performance of district local authorities in their delivery of nature conservation in the 1990s, both through the land use planning system and in their wider operational functions. Studies conducted in the 1980s revealed a large gap in performance between the best and the worst performers.The last decade, however, has witnessed far reaching changes within local government as well as external influences which are likely to have affected the ability of local authorities to promote the conservation of nature. The research shows that performance has significantly improved in a number of the roles which local authorities exercise in relation to conservation. There still remains, however, a marked variation between the best performers and the remainder. 相似文献
165.
Isolierung der Triosephosphat-Isomerase 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
166.
Strategic land retirement in agricultural settings has been used as one way to achieve a combination of social objectives,
which include ameliorating water quality problems and enhancing existing systems of wildlife habitat. This study uses a simulation
model operating on a virtual landscape, along with the compromise programming method, to illustrate the implications of alternative
weighting schemes for the long-term performance of the landscape toward various objectives. The analysis suggests that particular
spatial patterns may be related to how various objectives are weighted. The analysis also illustrates the inevitable trade-offs
among objectives, although it may be tempting to present retirement strategies as “win-win.” 相似文献
167.
Modeling and Predicting Species Occurrence Using Broad-Scale Environmental Variables: an Example with Butterflies of the Great Basin 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Erica Fleishman § Ralph Mac Nally † John P. Fay Dennis D. Murphy‡ 《Conservation biology》2001,15(6):1674-1685
Abstract: If occurrence of individual species can be modeled as a function of easily quantified environmental variables (e.g., derived from a geographic information system [GIS]) and the predictions of these models are demonstrably successful, then the scientific foundation for management planning will be strengthened. We used Bayesian logistic regression to develop predictive models for resident butterflies in the central Great Basin of western North America. Species inventory data and values for 14 environmental variables from 49 locations (segments of canyons) in the Toquima Range ( Nevada, U.S.A.) were used to build the models. Squares of the environmental variables were also used to accommodate possibly nonmonotonic responses. We obtained statistically significant models for 36 of 56 (64%) resident species of butterflies. The models explained 8–72% of the deviance in occurrence of those species. Each of the independent variables was significant in at least one model, and squared versions of five variables contributed to models. Elevation was included in more than half of the models. Models included one to four variables; only one variable was significant in about half the models. We conducted preliminary tests of two of our models by using an existing set of data on the occurrence of butterflies in the neighboring Toiyabe Range. We compared conventional logistic classification with posterior probability distributions derived from Bayesian modeling. For the latter, we restricted our predictions to locations with a high ( 70%) probability of predicted presence or absence. We will perform further tests after conducting inventories at new locations in the Toquima Range and nearby Shoshone Mountains, for which we have computed environmental variables by using remotely acquired topographic data, digital-terrain and microclimatic models, and GIS computation. 相似文献
168.
The efficacy of a simple mass-removal function for characterizing mass-flux-reduction/mass-removal behavior for organic-liquid contaminated source zones was evaluated using the data obtained from a series of flow-cell experiments. The standard function, which employs a constant exponent, could not adequately reproduce the non-singular (multi-step) behavior exhibited by the measured data. Allowing the exponent to change as a function of mass removal (as the organic-liquid distribution and relative permeability change) produced non-singular relationships similar to those exhibited by the measured data. Four methods were developed to dynamically inform the exponent through use of measurable system-indicator parameters. Key factors that mediate the magnitude of mass flux (dilution and source accessibility) were accounted for using measures of source zone cross-sectional area, ganglia-to-pool (GTP) ratio, and relative permeability. The two methods that incorporated only the ganglia-to-pool ratio produced adequate simulations of the observed behavior for early stages of mass removal, but not for later stages. The method that incorporated parameters accounting for the source zone cross-sectional area (i.e., measure of system dilution) and source accessibility (GTP ratio and relative permeability) provided the most representative simulations of the observed data. 相似文献
169.
170.
Persistent organic pollutants in plastic marine debris found on beaches in San Diego, California 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Plastic debris were collected from eight beaches around San Diego County, California. Debris collected include: pre-production pellets and post-consumer plastics including fragments, polystyrene (PS) foam, and rubber. A total of n = 2453 pieces were collected ranging from <5 mm to 50 mm in size. The plastic pieces were separated by type, location, and appearance and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its breakdown products, and chlordanes. PAH concentrations ranged from 30 ng g−1 to 1900 ng g−1, PCBs from non-detect to 47 ng g−1, chlordanes from 1.8 ng g−1 to 60 ng g−1, and DDTs from non-detect to 76 ng g−1. Consistently higher PAH concentrations found in PS foam samples (300-1900 ng g−1) led us to examine unexposed PS foam packaging materials and PS virgin pellets. Unexposed PS foam contained higher concentrations of PAHs (240-1700 ng g−1) than PS virgin pellets (12-15 ng g−1), suggesting that PAHs may be produced during manufacturing. Temporal trends of debris were investigated at one site, Ocean Beach, where storm events and beach maintenance were found to be important variables influencing debris present at a given time. 相似文献