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91.
Schinkel J Warren N Fransman W van Tongeren M McDonnell P Voogd E Cherrie JW Tischer M Kromhout H Tielemans E 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(5):1374-1382
The mechanistic model of the Advanced Reach Tool (ART) provides a relative ranking of exposure levels from different scenarios. The objectives of the calibration described in this paper are threefold: to study whether the mechanistic model scores are accurately ranked in relation to exposure measurements; to enable the mechanistic model to estimate actual exposure levels rather than relative scores; and to provide a method of quantifying model uncertainty. Stringent data quality guidelines were applied to the collated data. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the association between relative ART model scores and measurements. A random scenario and company component of variance were introduced to reflect the model uncertainty. Stratified analyses were conducted for different forms of exposure (abrasive dust, dust, vapours and mists). In total more than 2000 good quality measurements were available for the calibration of the mechanistic model. The calibration showed that after calibration the mechanistic model of ART was able to estimate geometric mean (GM) exposure levels with 90% confidence for a given scenario to lie within a factor between two and six of the measured GM depending upon the form of exposure. 相似文献
92.
93.
Soil pollution in day-care centers and playgrounds in Norway: national action plan for mapping and remediation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ottesen RT Alexander J Langedal M Haugland T Høygaard E 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2008,30(6):623-637
Systematic geochemical mapping based on sampling and analysis of surface soils (0–2 cm) has been carried out in several Norwegian
cities. The soils in the oldest parts of the cities are contaminated with metals (especially Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH). Due to the fact that children are often in contact with surface soil, it was realized that special focus had to be
directed towards soils in day-care centers and playgrounds. The first mapping and remedy program was initiated in Trondheim
in 1996. Here, the importance of copper–chromium–arsenic (CCA)-pressure-impregnated wood in playing equipment as a pollution
source for soils was documented, and a process was started with the aim to ban this product. Soils from day-care centers in
the inner city of Bergen were polluted to a degree that required remediation in 45% out of 87 centers, mainly due to high
concentrations of Pb and benzo(a)pyrene. In Oslo, 38% of 700 day-care centers needed remediation due to soil pollution by
Pb, BaP, Cd, Hg, Ni and PCB. Removal of CCA-impregnated wood was necessary in more than half of the day-care centers The Norwegian
parliament has decided to investigate all outdoor playing areas in day-care centers, playgrounds and schoolyards in Norway,
starting in 2007 with day-care centers in the ten largest cities and five most important industrial areas. The Norwegian Institute
of Public Health has developed quality criteria for soils in day-care centers and playgrounds for As, Cd, Cr6+, Hg, Ni, Pb, zinc, PAHsum16, benzo(a)pyrene, and PCBsum7. The Geological Survey of Norway has developed guidance for mapping of soil pollution (sampling, chemical analysis and reporting)
in day-care centers. Especially the sampling strategy has been developed in the period 1996–2007, and the preferred sampling
strategy is to collect at least 10 samples of surface soil (0–2 cm) from (1) “original soil” on the site, (2) artificial man-made
“hills”, and (3) soils used for growing vegetables. A total number of 2,000 day-care-centres are to be investigated, and necessary
remediation should be completed before the end of 2010. 相似文献
94.
Spatial anatomy of species survival: effects of predation and climate-driven environmental variability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ciannelli L Dingsør GE Bogstad B Ottersen G Chan KS Gjøsaeter H Stiansen JE Stenseth NC 《Ecology》2007,88(3):635-646
The majority of survival analyses focus on temporal scales. Consequently, there is a limited understanding of how species survival varies over space and, ultimately, how spatial variability in the environment affects the temporal dynamics of species abundance. Using data from the Barents Sea, we study the spatiotemporal variability of the juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) survival. We develop an index of spatial survival based on changes of juvenile cod distribution through their first winter of life (from age-0 to age-1) and study its variability in relation to biotic and abiotic factors. Over the 25 years analyzed (1980-2004), we found that, once the effect of passive drift due to dominant currents is accounted for, the area where age-0 cod survival was lowest coincided with the area of highest abundance of older cod. Within this critical region, the survival of age-0 cod was negatively affected by its own abundance, by that of older cod, and by bottom depth. Furthermore, during cold years, age-0 cod survival increased in the eastern and coldest portion of the examined area, which was typically avoided by older conspecifics. Based on these results we propose that within the examined area top-down mechanisms and predation-driven density dependence can strongly affect the spatial pattern of age-0 cod survival. Climate-related variables can also influence the spatial survival of age-0 cod by affecting their distribution and that of their predators. Results from these and similar studies, focusing on the spatial variability of survival rates, can be used to characterize species habitat quality of marine renewable resources. 相似文献
95.
We present a new system for microscopic multicolour variable chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of aquatic phototrophs. The
system is compact and portable and enables microscopic imaging of photosynthetic performance of individual cells and chloroplasts
using different combinations of blue, green, red or white light. Automated sequential exposure of microscopic samples to the
three excitation colours enables subsequent deconvolution of the resulting fluorescence signals and colour marking of cells
with different photopigmentation, i.e., cyanobacteria, green algae, red algae and diatoms. The photosynthetic activity in
complex mixtures of phototrophs and natural samples can thus be assigned to different types of phototrophs, which can be quantified
simultaneously. Here, we describe the composition and performance of the new imaging system and present applications with
both natural phytoplankton and microalgal culture samples. 相似文献
96.
Christian Sonne PhD DVM VMD MVSc Rossana Bossi Rune Dietz Pall S. Leifsson Frank F. Rigét Erik W. Born 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(2):275-283
In this study, residual concentrations of chlorpyrifos (CPF) were determined in feed (40) and fodder (25) samples collected from various locations of Tarai region of Uttarakhand. For extracting residues, liquid–liquid partition followed by alumina column clean up was used and the detection and quantification of residues was undertaken with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography using C18 column and diode array detector at 220?nm. Of the total 40 feed samples analyzed, 7 (17.5%) samples were found positive for CPF with the mean residual concentration of 0.058?µg?g?1; while out of 25 fodder samples, CPF residues were detected in a single (4%) sample with residual concentration of 0.39?µg?g?1. However, none of the feed or fodder samples contained CPF residues above the prescribed limit. 相似文献
97.
Uptake of some selected aquatic pollutants in semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Harman C Bøyum O Tollefsen KE Thomas K Grung M 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2008,10(2):239-247
The uptake characteristics of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCISs) were examined for mono, di and tributyltin, triphenyltin, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, PCBs 77 and 153, PBDE 47, lindane, triclosan and DDT. Exposure in a flow through system continued for 28 days with samplers removed every 7 days in order to study the relevant uptake kinetics. Uptake remained linear for POCISs with sampling rates (Rs) of up to 0.2 L d(-1). For SPMDs uptake varied from linear to approaching equilibrium with Rs values of up to 14 L d(-1). 7 out of 9 results for SPMDs could be explained by an empirical model (nonylphenol and lindane were exceptions). None of the four organo-tin compounds studied were detected in POCISs and only tributyltin was accumulated significantly by SPMDs. The establishment of these sampling rates allows the calculation of time weighted water concentrations for several important contaminants. Using presented methods, sampling rates and exposure conditions, theoretical detection limits for selected compounds by SPMDs were between 11-68 pg L(-1), which is well below the environment quality standard proposed for those compounds that are included in the European Water Framework Directive. 相似文献
98.
Efficacy of extracting indices from large‐scale acoustic recordings to monitor biodiversity
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Rachel T. Buxton Mary Clapp Erik Meyer Erik Stabenau Lisa M Angeloni Kevin Crooks George Wittemyer 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):1174-1184
Passive acoustic monitoring could be a powerful way to assess biodiversity across large spatial and temporal scales. However, extracting meaningful information from recordings can be prohibitively time consuming. Acoustic indices (i.e., a mathematical summary of acoustic energy) offer a relatively rapid method for processing acoustic data and are increasingly used to characterize biological communities. We examined the relationship between acoustic indices and the diversity and abundance of biological sounds in recordings. We reviewed the acoustic‐index literature and found that over 60 indices have been applied to a range of objectives with varying success. We used 36 of the most indicative indices to develop a predictive model of the diversity of animal sounds in recordings. Acoustic data were collected at 43 sites in temperate terrestrial and tropical marine habitats across the continental United States. For terrestrial recordings, random‐forest models with a suite of acoustic indices as covariates predicted Shannon diversity, richness, and total number of biological sounds with high accuracy (R2 ≥ 0.94, mean squared error [MSE] ≤170.2). Among the indices assessed, roughness, acoustic activity, and acoustic richness contributed most to the predictive ability of models. Performance of index models was negatively affected by insect, weather, and anthropogenic sounds. For marine recordings, random‐forest models poorly predicted Shannon diversity, richness, and total number of biological sounds (R2 ≤ 0.40, MSE ≥ 195). Our results suggest that using a combination of relevant acoustic indices in a flexible model can accurately predict the diversity of biological sounds in temperate terrestrial acoustic recordings. Thus, acoustic approaches could be an important contribution to biodiversity monitoring in some habitats. 相似文献
99.
Arndt Simon 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1971,58(12):623-623
100.
Jan Willem Erisman Arjan Hensen Wim de Vries Hans Kros Tamme van de Wal Wim de Winter Jan Erik Wien Mark v. Elswijk Matthijs Maat Kaj Sanders 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(2):190-196
利用计算机模拟的方法,我们为第二届国际氮会议研制开发了一个游戏形式的氮决策支持系统.研制这一系统的目的是:①使科学工作者和决策者们都能认识到荷兰氮污染问题的复杂性,因为荷兰是一个农业、工业和运输业活动密集的区域;②探索以最低的社会经济代价解决氮污染的最佳方案.NitroGenius由有关时空范围内的氮流动模型组成,其中包括氨和氮氧化合物的释放及其对地表水和地下水的污染.NitroGenius中还包括了一个经济模型,它描述了各个重要经济部门之间的关系,以及不同氮排放控制措施对国民生产总值(GDP)、失业率、能源消耗和环境的影响.在第二次国际氮会议期间,大约有50个研究组对NitroGenius进行了测试,结果表明,如果认真进行计划并选择适当的治理措施,就能够以适当的代价解决荷兰的氮污染问题. 相似文献