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81.
Philip M. Roth 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1050-1059
ABSTRACT Photochemical air quality simulation models are now used widely in evaluating the merits of alternative emissions control strategies on spatial scales from metropolitan to sub-continental. Greatly varying levels of resources have been available to support modeling, from relatively comprehensive databases and evaluation of performance to a paucity of aerometric data for developing model inputs. Where data are sparse, many alternative outcomes are consistent with the knowledge at hand. Where performance evaluation is inadequately supported, the probability of error may be high. In each instance, uncertainties may be large when compared with the signal of interest, and thus confidence in the reliability of the model as an estimator of future air quality may come into question. This paper proposes a qualitative procedure for assessing whether a particular application of a modeling system is likely to be potentially unreliable, suggesting that either (1) modification and further evaluation is needed, if supportable, prior to adoption for regulatory application; or (2) the model should not be used if improvement is not supportable. The procedure is proposed for use by policy-makers, staffs of public agencies, air quality managers, environmental staffs of industrial organizations, and other interested parties. The proposed use of the procedure is (1) to assess, a priori, whether a proposed application is likely to be judged questionable or unacceptably uncertain in outcome; and (2) to provide, a posteriori, a basis for judging quickly the likely quality of model performance. The procedure is presented with tropospheric ozone as the pollutant of concern. With adjustments, however, the procedure should be applicable for particu-late matter and other pollutants of interest. 相似文献
82.
Charles L. Blanchard Philip M. Roth Shelley J. Tanenbaum Steve D. Ziman John H. Seinfeld 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):2073-2084
ABSTRACT A thermodynamic equilibrium model was used to investigate the response of aerosol NO3 to changes in concentrations of HNO3, NH3, and H2SO4. Over a range of temperatures and relative humidities (RHs), two parameters provided sufficient information for indicating the qualitative response of aerosol NO3. The first was the excess of aerosol NH4 + plus gas-phase NH3 over the sum of HNO3, particulate NO3, and particulate SO4 2- concentrations. The second was the ratio of particulate to total NO3 concentrations. Computation of these quantities from ambient measurements provides a means to rapidly analyze large numbers of samples and identify cases in which inorganic aerosol NO3 formation is limited by the availability of NH3. Example calculations are presented using data from three field studies. The predictions of the indicator variables and the equilibrium model are compared. 相似文献
83.
Zhang Zulin Lebleu Melanie Osprey Mark Kerr Christine Courtot Estelle 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(5):1987-2005
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Emerging contaminants (ECs) such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) attracted global concern... 相似文献
84.
Susanne H. Landis Josefin Sundin Gunilla Rosenqvist Olivia Roth 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(10):1399-1405
Animals can profit from increasing temperatures by prolonged breeding seasons and faster growth rates. However, these fitness benefits are traded off against higher parasite load and increased virulence of temperature-sensitive pathogens. In thermally stratified habitats, behavioral plasticity can allow hosts to choose the optimal temperature to enhance individual fitness and to escape parasite pressure. To test this idea, we performed a temperature choice experiment with the host–parasite system of the sex-role reversed broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) and its bacterial pathogen Vibrio spp. In this species, pregnant males are expected to face a trade-off between shortening their brooding period in warm water and decreasing the effect of the infection in cold water. We found that exposure to Vibrio changed the temperature preference for both pregnant and nonpregnant males, as well as females compared to nonchallenged fish that tended to prefer warm water. This study shows that behavioral plasticity is one option for avoidance of higher bacterial prevalence, as expected due to rising ocean temperatures. 相似文献
85.
On the basis of a detailed case study this paper questions the equity of centralised piped drinking water supply systems installed by the government of Nepal in rural areas. The study shows how processes of socio-technical interaction and change alter the physical water supply infrastructure of the installed public water supply system, simultaneously altering patterns of access to taps and water. The analysis suggests that this happens through a process of “informal privatisation”, with community taps becoming appropriated by individuals over time, cutting off some families from their access to community tap water while reinforcing the water security of others. This process is deeply shaped by prevailing relations of power and cultural difference along axes of gender, caste and wealth. 相似文献
86.
Reuse of by-products in road construction is most often environmentally evaluated from the narrow perspective of the material itself, i.e. the material level. In this article, we argue that the current mainstream environmental evaluation of reuse of by-products in road construction should use wider system boundaries. In order to illustrate the importance of system boundaries to the final result, three additional levels that complement the material level, are applied to the environmental evaluation of reuse of by-products. In total these four levels of evaluation are, firstly, the material itself, mainly studied by leaching tests, secondly, the road environment studied by substance flow analysis, furthermore, a narrow life-cycle perspective and, finally, the industrial system level that addresses the reuse of by-products in a broader sense. Methods and tools applied to different levels emphasise different environmental aspects and consequently they are appropriate for addressing different questions. However, especially for the evaluation of environmental aspects on the industrial system level, there is a need to develop the methods. To apply these four levels to the evaluation would broaden the knowledge about the environmental impacts of the reuse of by-products. We argue that current leaching tests have to be complemented by the broader system boundaries used in substance flow studies and in life-cycle assessments in order to discuss the use of resources and environmental impacts from a wider perspective. 相似文献
87.
88.
Roland P. Roth Martin F. Tansy 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):706-709
A study was initiated to ascertain whether gaseous air pollutants can influence gastric secreto-motor activities. The investigation was conducted to determine the effect of various exposures to S02, N02, CO, and 03 on gastric motor activity of the conscious unrestrained rat by means of a chronic intragastric bajloon. Tfie effects produced upon gastric secretory volume and total titratable acid secretion produced by these gases were also studied in rats which were pylorus-ligated subsequent to exposure. Rats exposed to 1 ppm S02 for 5 days, 60 ppm CO for 2 hours, 0.5 ppm N02 for 2 hours, or 0.25 ppm 03 for 2 hours showed no change while there was gastric inhibition at 300 ppm S02 for 2 hours, 1400 ppm CO for 1 hour, 26 ppm N02 for 2 hours and 1.5 ppm 03 for 2 hours. In most instances following chamber flushing recovery was complete within minutes. To evaluate the site and nature of stimulation, rats were also exposed to oil of mustard, benzaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, amyl acetate, and “Old Spice” after sh ave lotion. Saturated dental paper points were introduced without obstruction into tracheal and retro-nasal cannulae. Oil of mustard but not benzaldehyde or amyl acetate inhibited gastric motility only when applied to the trachea. In general, the drop in activity was immediate and proportional to the degree of exposure. Nasal irritation was ineffective in eliciting the response. The experimental results lead to the following conclusions: 1) Toxic levels of these gases are associated with an inhibition of gastric motility that is not produced by .exposure of the nasal passages alone to the gases. 2) Toxic levels of these gases produced no demonstrable effect upon either total gastric acid secretion or total secretory volume. These findings tend to confirm earlier observations of an association between exposure to toxic concentrations of S02 and loss of gastric tone in the rodent stomach. 相似文献
89.
90.