区域空气自动监测数据审核方法与制度的探索

区域空气自动监测网络地理分布范围大、系统仪器设备众多、监测数据以海量计,如何对数据进行审核是一个值得关注的问题.以粤港珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络的实践为例,探讨了区域空气自动监测的数据审核方法与制度.     

环境气体标准样品量值的计算及不确定度分析

依据《气体分析校准气体混合物的制备重量法》（1SO6142—2001）和《气体分析气体标准样品组成的测定和校验比较法》（ISO6143—2001）,阐述了环境气体标准样品不同定值方法的量值计算及不确定度来源,并比较了同一气体标准样品采用不同定值方法得到的不同量值结果及不确定度：     

Mussel isotope signature as indicator of nutrient pollution in a freshwater eutrophic lake: species, spatial, and seasonal variability

Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of five mussel species from littoral and pelagic areas were investigated with different trophic states in the eutrophic Lake Taihu, the third largest lake in China. Interpopulation variability for these mussels was relatively small in foot tissues because of the slow turnover time. Seasonal and spatial variations among the δ ¹⁵N values of mussels might be due in part to the natural variation in δ ¹⁵N values of potential food sources and the variation in the amount of human pollutions discharged into various locations of the lake. Although the increase of mussel δ ¹⁵N values was accompanied by the increase of nutrient concentrations in most situations in this study, statistically significant correlations were only 22% of the total correlations in this survey, which might be attributed to the different time-scale variations in nutrient concentrations and isotope signatures and the unknown details of the trophic pathways and metabolism for incorporation of these nutrients.     

离子色谱法测定丙烯酸丁酯生产废水中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸

建立了用离子色谱法测定丙烯酸丁酯生产废水中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸的新方法。采用IonPac AS11-HC阴离子色谱柱,淋洗液为30mmol/L的NaOH淋洗液,流速1ml/min,抑制电流75mA。丙烯酸根的检测下限为0.44mg/L(峰面积)、0.46mg/L(峰高),保留时间、峰高、峰面积的变异系数分别为0.03%、0.50%、0.50%,峰高、峰面积的线性回归系数R分别为0.9929、0.9954。对甲基苯磺酸根的检测下限为0.49mg/L(峰面积)、0.48mg/L(峰高),保留时间、峰高、峰面积的变异系数分别为0.02%、0.48%、0.47%,峰高、峰面积的线性回归系数R分别为0.9990、0.9998。常规无机阴离子对丙烯酸、对甲基苯磺酸的测定没有干扰。对实际废水样品进行分析,丙烯酸、对甲基苯磺酸的回收率分别为101.6%～104.4%、95.4%～96.8%。方法简便、灵敏、可靠。     

Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides using PFU systems in Yunnan lakes and rivers, China

Polyurethane foam unit (PFU) systems were collected from 11 lakes and three rivers in the Yunnan Plateau, China and, the PFU extrusion liquids were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The concentrations of pp'-DDE, HCB and HCHs were undetectable to 1.86 microgl-1 (mean 0.27 microgl-1), undetectable to 0.72 microgl-1 (mean 0.11 microgl-1), and 0.24-21.95 microgl-1 (mean 7.39 microgl-1) respectively in lakes; and those in rivers were undetectable to 0.23 microgl-1 (mean 0.08 microgl-1), 0.68-2.93 microgl-1 (mean 1.70 microgl-1), and 2.71-37.56 microgl-1 (mean 17.01 microgl-1) respectively. Notably, some residue levels of OCPs exceeded the US National Recommended Water Quality Criteria, implying Yunnan has levels of OCPs potentially harmful to human health. Further, the contamination by OCPs showed an obvious spatial distribution pattern. Amongst the lakes, Dianchi, Xingyun, Lugu and Yangzonghai had the highest OCP levels dominated by beta-HCH, whereas among rivers, Nujiang and Lancang Rivers had the highest contents of OCPs dominated by alpha-HCH. This demonstrates that HCHs are the predominant contaminants and some point sources of HCHs may still exist in Yunnan. The pollution levels in Yunnan were compared with other studies, suggesting the PFU method is suitable for long-term on-line monitoring of trace OCPs in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, continuous studies monitoring OCPs in lakes and rivers are needed to further understand the future trend of contamination.     

In situ studies on the distribution patterns and dynamics of microcystins in a biomanipulation fish--bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

The distribution and dynamics of microcystins in various organs of the phytoplanktivorous bighead carp were studied monthly in Lake Taihu, which is dominated by toxic cyanobacteria. There was a good agreement between LC-MS and HPLC-UV determinations. Average recoveries of spiked fish samples were 63% for MC-RR and 71% for MC-LR. The highest MC contents in intestine, liver, kidney and spleen were 85.67, 2.83, 1.70 and 1.57 microg g-1 DW, respectively. MCs were much higher in mid-gut walls (1.22 microg g-1 DW) than in hind- and fore-gut walls (0.31 and 0.18 microg g-1 DW, respectively), suggesting the importance of mid-gut wall as major site for MC absorption. A cysteine conjugate of MC-LR was detected frequently in kidney. Among the muscle samples analyzed, 25% were above the provisional tolerable daily intake level by WHO. Bighead is strongly resistant to microcystins and can be used as biomanipulation fish to counteract cyanotoxin contamination in eutrophic waters.     

Biohydrogen production through fermentation using liquid swine manure as substrate

In this paper, continuous production of hydrogen through fermentation with liquid swine manure as substrate was researched using a semi-continuously fed fermenter (8 L in total volume and 4 L in working volume). The pH and temperature for the fermenter were controlled at 5.3 +/- 0.1 and 35 +/- 1 degrees C, respectively, throughout the experiment. Three hydraulic retention times (16, 20, and 24 h) were investigated for their impact on the efficiency and performance of the fermenter in terms of hydrogen yields. The results indicate that hydraulic retention time (HRT) has a strong influence on the fermenter performance. An increasing HRT would increase the variation in hydrogen concentration in the offgas. To produce hydrogen with a fairly consistent concentration, the HRT of the fermenter should not exceed 16 h, which, however, did not appear to be short enough to control methanogenesis because the offgas still contained about 5% methane. When methane content in the offgas exceeded 2%, an inverse linear relationship between hydrogen and methane was observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9699. To increase hydrogen content in the offgas, methane production has to be limited to below 2%. Also, keeping oxygen content in the fermenter below 1.5% would increase the hydrogen concentration to over 15%. The product to substrate ratio was found to be around 50% for the fermenter system studied, evidenced by the observation that for every 6 liters of manure fermented, 3 liters of pure hydrogen were produced, which was significant and encouraging.     

用废腈纶制备两性高分子絮凝剂的研究

为实现腈纶废料的回收利用,降低产品的生产成本,将废腈纶水解后,通过Mannich反应制得具有两性结构的聚丙烯酰胺.考察了反应条件对产物胺化度的影响,用红外光谱对产品结构进行了分析,研究了不同胺化度产品的絮凝性能.结果表明,反应时间和原料配比对产品的胺化度有较大影响.胺化度约为30%的产品在用量为7 mg/L,pH值近中性时对硅藻土悬浮液的除浊率可达95%; 与聚合氯化铝配合使用时,对实际印染废水的脱色及COD去除效果均明显优于工业聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),COD去除率可达85%.     

农林废弃物在去除废水重金属中的环境友好利用

评述了近年来国内外利用廉价农林废弃物去除废水重金属的研究进展.重点论述了化学改性处理的农林废弃物对重金属离子的吸附性能,并详细比较了改性前后及各种改性方法的吸附效率.改性处理明显提高了农林废弃物的吸附性能,一些改性的农林废弃物吸附剂对某些重金属离子具有良好的吸附性能,显示出广阔的应用前景.但在今后的研究中还应强化改性农林废弃物吸附剂表面结构表征、吸附作用机理和动力学的研究,开发新型高效的改性再生方法,并对废水处理成本进行详细评估.     

内抽外压式集尘器实验、数值模拟与分析

根据内抽外压式集烟尘器专利研制了一个内抽外压式集尘器,并在井下进行实验。经过3种方法测试均收到预期的的效果,司机工作区达到了国家卫生要求,由于采用外筒压风,防止了瓦斯积聚避免瓦斯爆炸。应用离散颗粒模型模拟了内抽外压式集尘器内气相流场和粉尘颗粒的运动,该集尘器不仅把矿井巷道中细微可呼吸粉尘吸收到除尘器中,又能防止了瓦斯积聚。数值模拟与实验结果的一致性表明:把内抽外压式集尘器放置在掘进机前方,由于粉尘在气流的携带下运动使掘进机司机在矿井巷道中的工作环境得到改善,减少矿工患尘肺病的概率,开发了井下集尘的新工艺、新设备。