藻源性黑水团环境效应:对水-沉积物界面氮磷变化的驱动作用

利用自制的静态模拟实验装置,通过连续抽取间隙水来研究藻细胞沉降在沉积物表面后对水-沉积物界面处的N、P变化的驱动作用及影响效果.结果表明,藻细胞沉降后,在50 min内就完全消耗掉水-沉积物界面处的溶解氧,同时水体出现严重的发黑、发臭现象;形成的厌氧、强还原环境,使得死亡的藻细胞在界面处发生强烈的厌氧矿化作用,界面处的水溶性PO34--P、NH 4+-N在实验的第2 d开始向上覆水中扩散,含量不断增加.至实验结束时(实验第8 d),界面处PO34--P、NH 4+-N的含量分别达到4.00 mg/L、39.45 mg/L,分别为同期对照实验样柱中的10倍和241倍(对照样柱中的PO43--P、NH 4+-N的含量分别为0.42 mg/L、0.16 mg/L).藻细胞的厌氧矿化加剧了氮磷营养盐向上覆水的扩散,在加重水体营养盐含量的同时,也为藻华的再次发生提供了物质基础.     

固氮鱼腥藻Anabaena sphaerica和念珠藻Nostoc muscorum对有机氯农药林丹的降解效应和机理

研究了固氮鱼腥藻A.sphaerica和念珠藻N.muscorum对林丹(γ-HCH)的降解效应及机理.结果表明,在初始藻种叶绿素含量约为37mg·L-1,林丹起始浓度均为0.2mg·L-1条件下,A.sphaerica和N.muscorum均能明显降解林丹,5d降解率分别为66.1%和69.5%,其降解半衰期分别为3.19和3.23d.在培养过程中,0.2mg·L-1林丹并不会抑制两种固氮藻的生长,培养5d后,叶绿素a的含量分别增加0.82倍和1.36倍.升高温度和增强光照均能增加林丹的降解率.相对于N2,NaNO3作为唯一氮源更能刺激固氮蓝藻对林丹的降解,对于A.sphaerica和N.muscorum,其对林丹的5d降解率分别增加44.6%和40.5%.气质联用检测结果表明,脱去HCl生成γ-五氯环己烯是两种固氮蓝藻降解林丹的主要脱氯分子机理.     

河流湿地氮循环修复过程中的新型功能微生物

自然生态系统中厌氧氨氧化菌和氨氧化古菌的发现,改变了人们对传统氮循环过程的认识.通过氨氧化古菌和厌氧氨氧化菌在缺氧/厌氧的条件下完成硝化反应和封闭的氮循环,对于河流氮循环生态修复意义显著.通过PCR聚合酶链反应结合水体沉积物理化指标,研究典型河流湿地中厌氧氨氧化菌和氨氧化古菌及其在循环中的作用.结果表明,在海河支流北运河湿地中存在厌氧氨氧化菌和氨氧化古菌,它们对于水体和底泥沉积物的氮转化有较重要作用.通过构建16S rRNA克隆文库生物多样性分析比较,发现湿地中厌氧氨氧化菌的生物多样性相对较低,96个克隆序列只分为3个OTUs;其与基因库(GenBank)中已探明的厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus"Kuenenia stuttgartiensis"和Candidatus"Brocadia fulgida"的相似度分别为98%和95%.通过建立氨氧化古菌克隆文库发现,96个克隆子共得到5个OTUs,其与GenBank中关系最近序列(土壤/沉积物中)的相似度均大于95%;对本实验样本和水相、土壤/沉积物相中不同氨氧化古菌进行进化谱系分析,发现北运河河流湿地的古菌amoA基因属于土壤/沉积物进化分支.     

长江口及其邻近海域沉积物重金属分布特征和环境质量评价

利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物细颗粒组分(<63ìm)的重金属,平均含量为As10.47 mg·kg-1、Cd 0.19 mg·kg-1、Cu 37.68 mg·kg-1、Pb 36.86 mg·kg-1、Cr 97.80 mg·kg-1、Zn 98.65 mg·kg-1.空间分布上,As、Cd和Cu含量随着离岸距离的增大有递减的趋势,Pb、Cr和zn含量变化不显著,调查海区南部海域的晕金属含量普遍比北部海域高.单因子污染评价显示.调查海域底质局部已经受到了As、Cu、Ph、Cr和Zn的中度污染,而Cd的影响较轻微.依据沉积物质量基准(SQGs)对本区沉积物环境质量评价表明,大部分站位As、Cu和Cr 3种重金属的含量位于效应浓度低值(ERL)和效应浓度中值(ERM)之间,只是偶尔产生不利的生物效应;Cd、Pb、Zn 3种重金属的含量都低于ERL或大部分站位低于ERL,几乎不会产生不利的生物效应.对底质综合环境质量进行的因子分析和系统聚类分析结果显示,长江口外和杭州湾外近海海域的综合底质环境较差,应引起重视.     

人工湿地处理污染河水和湿地植物腐烂分解影响研究

以高原复合型人工湿地为研究对象,在水力负荷为0．067m／d的条件下,监测湿地对CODCr、TN、TP、氨氮的去除率达到了66．3％、82．5％、43．2％、76％;采集了梭鱼草、美人蕉、芦苇、水葱、茭白、再力花6种挺水植物地上部分,测定了它们的TN、TP、有机质等营养物质含量和它们腐烂分解过程中TN、TP、COD等释放强度。结果表明：梭鱼草、美人蕉、茭白释放强度较强,再力花和芦苇释放强度较弱,在选择湿地植物时综合考虑植物吸收污染物能力情况下,可以优先考虑再力花、芦苇等植物。     

基于MATLAB和有限元的虚拟振动试验系统

通过MATLAB平台建立了虚拟振动设备包括振动台和控制器,采用有限元软件建立振动台动圈、夹具、试件一体化模型作为被控对象,与虚拟振动设备形成闭环的虚拟振动试验系统,可开展仿真试验,成为振动试验辅助设计平台。     

基于HLA的大气环境仿真应用研究

针对大气环境仿真的特点,采用HLA分布式仿真技术,论述了以HLA/RTI为支撑的大气环境分布式仿真体系结构、关键技术及实现方案,并对该环境下开发大气环境联邦成员进行了详细的说明,实现了大气环境建模与仿真应用的一体化设计,从而提高了大气环境仿真应用的互操作性和可重用性,为大气环境仿真向其它系统仿真应用提供了一种有效的手段。     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺在重庆某污水处理厂的应用

介绍了重庆某污水处理厂改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺的构造、原理与主要设计参数,总结了该工艺的低温启动经验。11个月的稳定运行表明,系统在进水BOD5、CODcr、NH3-N、TN和TP浓度分别为67 mg/L～264 mg/L、281 mg/L～902 mg/L、10.1 mg/L～37.8 mg/L、20.4 mg/L～72.7 mg/L和3.1 mg/L～12.3 mg/L条件下,去除率分别达到96.3%～99.1%、90.8%～99.6%、78.2%～99.4%、63.6%～89.9%和80.6%～98.4%,各项出水指标达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级B标准。     

Removal of fluoride from water using titanium-based adsorbents

Three adsorbents including TiO₂, Ti-Ce, and Ti-La hybrid oxides were prepared to remove fluoride from aqueous solution. The Ti-Ce and Ti-La hybrid adsorbents obtained by the hydrolysis-precipitation method had much higher sorption capacity for fluoride than the TiO₂ adsorbent prepared through hydrolysis. Rare earth (Ce and La) oxides and TiO₂ exhibited a synergistic effect in the hybrid adsorbents for fluoride sorption. The sorption equilibrium of fluoride on the three adsorbents was achieved within 4 h, and the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetics well. The sorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model well, and the adsorption capacities of fluoride on the Ti-Ce and Ti-La adsorbents were about 9.6 and 15.1 mg·g⁻¹, respectively, at the equilibrium fluoride concentration of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, much higher than the 1.7 mg·g⁻¹ on the TiO₂. The sorption capacities of fluoride on the three adsorbents decreased significantly when the solution pH increased from 3 to 9.5. The electrostatic interaction played an important role in fluoride removal by the three adsorbents, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that the hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface were involved in fluoride adsorption.     

A bioaugmentation failure caused by phage infection and weak biofilm formation ability

Two biological aerated filters (BAF) were setup for ammonia removal treatment of the circulation water in a marine aquaculture. One of the BAFs was bioaugmented with a heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium, Lutimonas sp. H10, where the ammonia removal was not improved and the massive inoculation was even followed by a nitrification breakdown from day 9 to 18. The nitrification was remained stable in control BAF operated under the same conditions. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted probes and cultivable method revealed that Lutimonas sp. H10 almost disappeared from the bioaugomented BAF within 3 d, and this was mainly due to the infection of a specific phage as revealed by flask experiment, plaque assay and transmission electron observation. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene libraries showed that bacterial groups from two reactors evolved di erently and an overgrowth of protozoa was observed in the bioaugmented BAF. Therefore, phage infection and poor biofilm forming ability of the inoculated strain are the main reasons for bioaugmentation failure. In addition, grazing by protozoa of the bacteria might be the reason for the nitrification breakdown in bioaugmented BAF during day 9–18.