柠檬酸对蒙脱石黏性土中铅的淋洗试验研究

以人工Pb(NO3)2污染的蒙脱石黏性土为研究对象,采用振荡淋洗试验研究柠檬酸对蒙脱石黏性土中铅(Pb)的淋洗行为,探讨淋洗因素,如淋洗剂柠檬酸浓度、淋洗反应时间、pH值、离子强度、液固比对蒙脱石黏性土中Pb淋洗效果的影响以及Pb的淋洗动力学方程,并利用Tessier连续提取法分析柠檬酸淋洗前后受污染的蒙脱石黏性土中Pb的形态变化。试验结果表明:淋洗反应在6h达到平衡,最佳淋洗条件为柠檬酸的浓度为0.08mol/L、pH值为4、液固比为20∶1,离子强度对淋洗反应几乎无影响;双常数方程较准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程能更好地描述柠檬酸对蒙脱石黏性土中Pb的淋洗过程;受污染的蒙脱石黏性土中,Pb主要以可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态的形式存在,采用柠檬酸淋洗后可以有效地去除可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态的Pb,Pb的去除率分别达到65.40%、89.78%、76.02%。     

Nickel speciation of residual oil fly ash and ambient particulate matter using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The chemical speciation of Ni in fly ash produced from approximately 0.85 wt % S residual (no. 6 fuel) oils in laboratory (7 kW)- and utility (400 MW)-scale combustion systems was investigated using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and acetate extraction [1 M NaOAc-0.5 M HOAc (pH 5) at 25 degrees C]-anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). XAFS was also used to determine the Ni speciation of ambient particulate matter (PM) sampled near the 400-MW system. Based on XAFS analyses of bulk fly ash and their corresponding acetate extraction residue, it is estimated that > 99% of the total Ni (0.38 wt %) in the experimentally produced fly ash occurs as NiSO4.xH2O, whereas > 95% of the total Ni (1.70 and 2.25 wt %) in two fly ash samples from the 400-MW system occurs as NiSO4.xH2O and Ni-bearing spinel, possibly NiFe2O4. Spinel was also detected using XRD. Acetate extracts most of the NiSO4.xH2O and concentrates insoluble NiFe2O4 in extraction residue. Similar to fly ash, ambient PM contains NiSO4.xH2O and NiFe2O4; however, the proportion of NiSO4.xH2O relative to NiFe2O4 is much greater in the PM. Results from this and previous investigations indicate that residual oil ash produced in the 7-kW combustion system lack insoluble Ni (e.g., NiFe2O4) but are enriched in soluble NiSO4.xH2O relative to fly ash from utility-scale systems. This difference in Ni speciation is most likely related to the lack of additive [e.g., Mg(OH)2] injection and residence time in the 7-kW combustion system.     

Dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouses workers: discrimination and selection of variables for the design of monitoring programs

Dermal exposure to pesticides is one of the main sanitaryproblems which greenhouses workers face. With the dual aimsof establishing both the body part that receives the greatestexposure and the variable that has greatest influence on this exposure level, 22 pesticide application trials were performed. Trials were carried out in different greenhouse vegetable crops,using different pesticides and different spray diameters from the spray gun. In order to determine dermal exposure, the wholebody method was used. Pieces of the applicator suit were subject to an extraction procedure and their pesticide contentdetermined using GC-NPD analysis. Multivariate analysis were applied to the data obtained. Principal component analysis showed that all trials produced a high exposure level on lowerleft leg and lower right leg. Cluster analysis distinguished between three sample groups. The most and the least affectedparts were clearly distinguished. Discriminant analysis indicated that the thin drop size of the spray gun is responsible for both the differences between groups and the minimum or maximum exposure level measured on the applicatorsuit. Therefore, selecting the variables, lower legs and thindrop size, is considered fundamental in designing programs formonitoring pesticide exposure.     

The determination of carbonyl compounds in air using a robotic sampling preparation system integrated to a gas chromatograph with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector

A totally automated solid phase extraction gas chromatography procedure was developed for the sampling and analysis of carbonyl compounds in air. In this system, two PrepStation modules were used, one for the preparation and elution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine silica cartridges, and the other for air sampling. The sample collected by the sampling module was eluted to an autosampler vial in the PrepStation module and then transferred to the gas chromatograph for analysis via a robotic arm. The sampling module was modified to enable air sampling via an external pump. A typical run by this technique required 142 min, 100 min for air sampling and 42 min for the other operations, including a GC analysis time of 25 min. Recoveries of at least 85% were obtained for all compounds studied. The detection limits for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 2.2, 2.7 and 2.2 ppbv, respectively. All operations, including the conditioning of the cartridges, were performed without any intervention from the analyst.     

Evaluation of a novel structural model to describe the endogenous release of lead from bone

The aim of this paper was to assess the endogenous release of lead from bone to blood, in 204 exposed subjects. resuming their duties after a 10-month strike in a primary lead smelter in 1991. In vivo 109Cd K X-ray Fluorescence (109Cd K XRF) was used to measure the bone lead concentration in tibia and calcaneus in the smelter, in 1994 and five years later. The 1994 data were used to derive the post-strike bone lead concentrations retrospectively from the significant association between bone lead and the cumulative blood lead index (CBLI). When a linear model was used to predict the current blood lead upon the level of lead in bone, structural analysis of the data produced slopes for tibia (2.0, 95% CI 1.66-2.54) and calcaneus (0.19, 95% CI 0.16-0.23) that were significantly higher than those predicted by the commonly used simple linear regression method, for tibia (0.73, 95%, CI 0.58-0.88) and calcaneus (0.08, 95% CI 0.06-0.09). This suggests that more lead than previously predicted by regression is released from bone to blood. Furthermore, the structural analysis of the data produced an estimation of the contribution of the bone lead stores to the bloodstream that was more consistent with the 1999 epidemiological data than did the regression estimation. Moreover, a non-linear relationship between tibia lead and blood lead was suggested from the assumption checking procedures for regression. When a non-linear regression model was fit to the data, the method produced estimates of important parameters in human lead kinetics, namely the blood lead saturation constant, showing a good agreement with current knowledge of lead metabolism. Finally, the likelihood of a non-linear bone lead release seems to be supported by the recently described dependence of the half-life of lead in bone on age and intensity of occupational exposure.     

膜生物反应器在汽爆稻草秸秆酶解中应用研究

以汽爆稻草秸秆为原料,通过将几个酶解罐串联来提高最终还原糖浓度.考察了酶浓度,酶解单元组成以及稀释率对汽爆稻草秸秆酶解的影响.结果表明,最佳条件为:20FPU/g,酶解单元由4个酶解罐组成,稀释率为0.075/h.在此条件下,酶解时间为24h时,与传统批次酶解相比,汽爆稻草秸秆总转化率从18%～21%提高到39.5%.与只有1个酶解罐的膜反应器相比,每g底物还原糖产量从0.25g提高到0.4g,最终所得还原糖的平均浓度从4.56g/L提高到27.23g/L.     

深夜,59个调节阀失灵

2010年11月18日晚上,齐鲁第二化肥厂气体联合车间净化酸性气体脱除系统的59个调节阀突然失灵。一场惊心动魄的运行保卫战持续了6个小时,在仪表和工艺人员的密切配合下,装置转危为安。     

秋风送爽今又是,装置换新颜——齐鲁苯酐现场治理见闻

齐鲁股份公司烯烃厂苯酐装置多年来一直是现场治理的"老大难",2006年年初,他们制定"清洁生产"目标,全员参与消队"跑冒滴漏",实现了装置凝液零排放,仅节水减排费用一项就降低生产成本200余万无.     

论污水处理项目BOT融资的影响因素

本文介绍了BOT融资模式在我国污水处理项目中的应用情况．分析了多种因素对于污水处理项目BOT融资模式的影响,并为污水处理项目采用BOT融资模式提供理论建议。