有机无机肥配施比例对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响

关于蔬菜施有机肥和它与无机肥的合理配施比例,对蔬菜的产量和品质有重要影响,对土壤有机质和重金属含量也有影响。为控制施禽畜粪类有机肥对蔬菜的负面影响,探讨蔬菜的合理施用量和有机/无机肥配施比例,在不同质地的土壤上进行田间试验。结果表明,(1)施过量禽畜粪类有机肥对试验蔬菜产量和品质都会产生不良影响,小白菜(Brassica chinensis)和茄子(Eggplant)施禽畜粪超过22500kg/hm2、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)超过24000kg/hm2时,其产量不再增加,成活率下降,维生素C含量下降,多个试验均表现出有机肥用量增加而小白菜硝酸盐随之增加的典型特征;同时不论土壤的质地轻重,蔬菜重金属Pb有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;在质地较轻的土壤上,蔬菜重金属Cd、As有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;小白菜施禽畜粪肥超过7500kg/hm2、茄子和冬种马铃薯施禽畜粪肥超过75000kg/hm2,收获后土壤重金属含量高于对照和施无机肥的总Cr和As。(2)蔬菜单独施用有机肥的合适施用量,小白菜在较粘重的土壤上可施到22500kg/hm2,但有机肥与无机肥配合施用时有机肥用量可减量;茄子合适施用量应在22500kg/hm2左右;冬种马铃薯合适施用量应在24000kg/hm2左右。(3)蔬菜的有机/无机肥合理配比,小白菜、茄子、和冬种马铃薯施肥的有机氮与无机氮之比均为0.25∶1至0.5∶1时其产量和品质水平较佳。     

金银合金纳米颗粒的可控合成及其光催化性能

以果糖为还原剂和表面活性剂,可控合成了平均粒径小于14.6nm的金银（Au-Ag）合金纳米颗粒.基于一步法,改变合成时间（1~8min）,Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒的成分及其表面等离子共振（SPR）波长被连续调控.采用UV-Vis、EDX、ICP、XPS、TEM、HR-TEM和SAED等分析手段对Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒进行表征,发现制备的合金纳米颗粒具有均匀的成分和合金结构.由于Au、Ag两元素的协同作用,Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒在4-硝基苯酚的光催化降解反应中表现出了优异的光催化活性和稳定性.除了改变Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒的添加量,光催化反应的动力学速率常数还可通过改变合金成分来线性调节.基于可控合成,动力学速率常数甚至可通过Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒的合成时间来线性调控.上述控制动力学速率常数的方法可为其他的光催化反应提供参考.     

安庆大气颗粒物污染外来输送轨迹及源区研究

在对安庆2015~2016年大气颗粒物变化特征分析的基础上,利用HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模式,采用气团轨迹聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子法(PSFC)和浓度权重轨迹法(CWT),研究了不同季节安庆地区外源污染物传输的路径及潜在源区。结果表明:(1)安庆市大气颗粒物质量浓度存在显著的季节变化,表现为冬季春季秋季夏季,12月份污染最重,7月份污染最轻。(2)影响安庆地区气流轨迹具有显著性季节性变化特征,夏季主要受来自南方和东南方向海洋气流影响,PM10和PM2.5的平均值较低;冬、春和秋季安庆地区受到海洋性气团和大陆性气团共同影响,且以偏西和西北路径的大陆性气团影响最为明显,受沙尘或人为排放因素的影响,对应PM10和PM2.5的平均值相对较高,颗粒物高污染时段与该2类大陆性气流轨迹输送关系密切。(3)安庆颗粒物冬季PSFC值和CWT值最大,夏季最小。PSFC和CWT值2处高值区主要分布在湖北东部、江西北部和湖南南部等带状地区,以及山西、河南中部、山东南部及安徽北部等带状区域。     

Role of microbial inoculation and chitosan in phytoextraction of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd by Elsholtzia splendens--a field case

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of microbial inoculation on heavy metal phytoextraction by Elsholtzia splendens and whether chitosan could have a synergistic effect with the microbial inocula. The microbial inocula consisted of a consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and two Penicillium fungi. Three treatments were included: the control, inoculation with microbial inocula, and the inoculation combined with chitosan. Microbial inoculation increased plant biomass especially shoot dry weight, enhanced shoot Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations but did not affect Cd, leading to higher shoot Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd uptake. Compared with microbial inoculation alone, chitosan application did not affect plant growth but increased shoot Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations except Cu, which led to higher phytoextraction efficiencies and partitioning to shoots of Zn, Pb and Cd. These results indicated synergistic effects between microbial inocula and chitosan on Zn, Pb and Cd phytoextraction.     

Pretreatment for dissolved organic nitrogen testing by gas stripping

ABSTRACT

Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), including dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), is of significant importance in aquatic systems due to its roles in numerous environmental processes, such as nutrients for agriculture activities, sources for lake and estuary eutrophication, and one of the major factors contributing to disinfection byproduct formation. The distribution and impact of DIN on these processes are relatively well-understood; however, information on DON is extremely limited, as there is no direct method for its quantification. DON is conventionally determined by subtracting DIN from TDN. However, significant errors may be introduced if DIN is the predominant species in samples with high concentrations of TDN. In order to deal with this challenge, pretreatment method for nitrogen gas stripping was investigated using 56 water samples collected from various ecosystems. The results indicated that after nitrogen gas stripping pretreatment, removal % of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃–N) was more than 87.5%, and the ratios of removal of NH₃–N/removal of TDN (β) were over 86.5% for most of 56 samples with high [NH₃–N], indicating a high efficiency for removal of NH₃–N, and that NH₃–N was the predominant nitrogen species removed for the samples with high [NH₃–N]. Therefore, nitrogen gas stripping is an appropriate pretreatment method for DON testing when NH₃–N is the dominant inorganic nitrogen species.     

紫色土对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的淋溶吸持特征及影响因素

以三峡库区典型土壤——紫色土为供试土壤,采用土柱淋溶试验方法,研究了紫色土对受邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)污染水体中DMP的吸持作用机制与影响因素.结果表明,抛物线方程是描述紫色土对受污染水体中DMP的吸持动力学的最佳方程;淋溶液DMP浓度对紫色土吸持DMP的影响显著,紫色土对DMP吸持量随着淋溶液DMP浓度增加呈线性增长;淋溶液离子强度和淋溶液p H对紫色土吸持DMP的影响显著,总体上离子强度的增加对DMP的吸持起到抑制作用,p H 5.0~7.0条件下的吸持量高于其他p H下的吸持量.在紫色土中添加有机质增加了紫色土对DMP的吸持;但当外源有机质含量过高,超过30 g·kg-1时,吸持量反而低于其他添加量的吸持量.在紫色土中添加表面活性剂SDBS增加了紫色土对DMP的吸持,当SDBS添加量为50 mg·kg-1时,紫色土对DMP的吸持量最大,而随着添加量的增加,对DMP的吸持量虽然仍高于对照组,但吸持量逐渐降低,当SDBS添加量为800 mg·kg-1,紫色土对DMP的吸持量与对照接近.持续淋溶时间影响土柱中DMP的垂直分布,当淋溶时间较短,上层土壤吸持DMP较多,随着淋溶时间的延长,土柱上下层DMP含量逐渐接近.     

滇池入湖河道底质污染及防治对策研究

根据滇池草海入湖河道底泥污染类型、污染程度、特征、分布规律等进行综合分析研究，对入湖河道的底泥污染提出防治对策。     

紫外-可见分光光度法用于染料废水絮凝脱色效果测定的研究

染料废水絮凝处理后的脱色率是检验絮凝剂絮凝效果的重要指标。文章通过测定废水絮凝处理前后吸光度值的变化 ,从而精确计算出脱色率 ,可避免传统目视比色法带来的人为误差。采用分光光度法测定染料废水絮凝脱色率 ,方法简单、易掌握     

花园城市建设中的绿地系统问题研究——以南昌市为例

分析了南昌市绿化的地理背景、存在的差距和主要问题。从重建城市生态及完善城市防灾体系的角度，因地制宜地提出了发展特色鲜明的城市绿地系统的相应对策与措施。     

A simple electrophoretic procedure for fetal diagnosis of β-thalassaemia due to short deletions

This study describes three couples a t risk for homozygous β-thalassaemia in which one of the partners carried a short deletion β-thalassaemia defect. Detection of short deletions in trophoblast DNA was accomplished by the very simple procedure of non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This method may be applied to detect β-thalassaemia mutations due to deletion or addition of more than two nucleotides.