Degradation of phenol in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at ambient temperature

IntroductionPhenolistherawmaterialforthecommercialproductionofawidevarietyofresins ,includingphenolicresinsasconstructionmaterialsforautomobilesandappliances,expoxyresinsasadhesives ,andpolyamideforvariousapplications.Inaddition ,phenolsareoftenfoundinwas…     

重庆降水研究的质量控制和质量保证

本文介绍重庆地区酸雨研究的质量控制程序。合理布点、采样,样品预处理和存贮条件的研究,严格的分析测试和质控检验,是获得可比可信分析质量的保证。     

城市空气质量数值预报方法研究

城市空气质量数值预报,在时空分辨率和预报客观性方面具有明显优势,是未来城市空气质量预报的主要发展方向。以济南市为例,探索建立了一套较为成熟的城市空气质量数值预报方法。该方法采用高分辨率对流层化学模式系统为预报模式基础,同时根据济南市特点对模式系统进行修正,取得了较好的预报效果。此外,该模式系统由于能够较为准确地模拟城市范围内污染物的时空分布,在城市空气污染防治规划方面具有较为广泛的应用前景。     

Ozonation of refractory chemicals in leachate with hydrogen peroxide

Nearly 97% of organic chemicals in Hong Kong leachate could be effectively removed by the UASB( upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) process followed by the fenton coagulation. The COD of leachate was lowered from an average of 12900 mg/L to 1440 mg/L after the UASB treatment, and was further lowered to 394 mg/L after the fenton coagulation. The remaining refractory residues could be further removed by ozonation with the addition of H2Oz. The ozonation for the supernatant of the fenton coagulation was most effective at pH 7-8, with the addition of 300 mg/L of H202, and 30 min of reaction. The final effluent contained only 85 mg/L of COD and 10 mg/L of BOD5. On the other hand, direct ozonation of UASB effluent lowered the COD to 905 mg/L and BOD5 to 103 mg/L. Ozonation improved the biodegradability of the organic residues, and also converted oart of oruanic-N in the leachate into NH3-N and NO3^- -N.     

基于Mecanum轮的新型特种救援机器人的研制

为提高救援效率,减少伤亡,研制了新型特种救援机器人。机器人主要包括底盘和云台两部分,设计中使用了4个Mecanum轮,采用"前减震,后固定"方式,使机器人可以在平面内灵活地实现三自由度运动,适用于各种复杂地形。采用自主决策与无线遥控相结合,机器人本身搭载各种传感器模块,进行现场浓度采集,测量结果准确,实时性好,对于工业环境的安全稳定监测具有重要意义,具有良好的应用性。     

石家庄市冬季一次重污染过程分析与反馈效应研究

为深入探究高ρ（PM_2.5）地区重污染过程的发展变化规律,以石家庄市一次重污染过程（2017年1月13-20日）为例,结合空气质量监测数据、PM_2.5组分测试数据、气象观测资料,从重污染发展阶段（简称"P1阶段"）、维持阶段（简称"P2阶段"）和清除阶段（简称"P3阶段"）分析PM_2.5及其化学组分的变化特征、气象条件和高低空天气形势演变特征,并利用WRF-Chem模型定量研究重污染过程气溶胶反馈效应对典型气象要素的影响.结果表明:①此次重污染过程属于逐步累积增长、快速清除型,在P2阶段ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为241.0 μg/m3,最大值为367.5 μg/m3.②P1和P2阶段高低空大气环流配置稳定,大气边界层高度范围为620.6~712.2 m,风速范围为1.3~2.5 m/s,相对湿度范围为60%~80%.③P2阶段SOR（硫氧化率）和NOR（氮氧化率）均为0.3,ρ（SNA）（SNA为SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的统称）为128.8 μg/m3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的56.2%;OM[有机质,ρ（OM）=ρ（POA）+ρ（SOA）,其中,POA为一次有机气溶胶,SOA为二次有机气溶胶]是除SNA以外的第二大组分,在P1和P3阶段ρ（POA）大于ρ（SOA）,而在P2阶段ρ（SOA）与ρ（POA）相等,均为28.0 μg/m3,表明在重污染过程中二次污染严重;整个污染过程ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）为1.0,表明石家庄市移动源和固定源对ρ（PM_2.5）贡献相当.④WRF-Chem模型模拟结果表明,太阳辐射量、温度和大气边界层高度受气溶胶反馈效应的影响在P2阶段的下降量分别为75.1 W/m2、2.7℃和109.9 m,比P1阶段分别高33.6%、91.4%和18.6%,比P3阶段分别高147.0%、305.3%和24.1%.研究显示,此次静稳天气下的重污染过程二次污染严重,气溶胶反馈效应整体使得太阳辐射量、温度和大气边界层高度均向不利于污染扩散的趋势发展,造成石家庄市的ρ（PM_2.5）进一步增加.      

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs) between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO) to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50% as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.     

Carbon reduction potential and cost evaluation of different mitigation approaches in China's coal to olefin Industry

Coal-based olefin (CTO) industry as a complement of traditional petrochemical industry plays vital role in China's national economic development. However, high CO₂ emission in CTO industry is one of the fatal problems to hinder its development. In this work, the carbon emission and mitigation potentials by different reduction pathways are evaluated. The economic cost is analyzed and compared as well. According to the industry development plan, the carbon emissions from China's CTO industry will attain 189.43 million ton CO₂ (MtCO₂) and 314.11 MtCO₂ in 2020 and 2030, respectively. With the advanced technology level, the maximal carbon mitigation potential could be attained to 15.3% and 21.9% in 2020 and 2030. If the other optional mitigation ways are combined together, the carbon emission could further reduce to some extent. In general, the order of mitigation potential is followed as: feedstock alteration by natural gas > CO₂ hydrogenation with renewable electricity applied > CCS technology. The mitigation cost analysis indicates that on the basis of 2015 situation, the economic penalty for feedstock alteration is the lowest, ranged between 186 and 451 CNY/tCO₂, and the cost from CCS technology is ranged between 404 and 562 CNY/tCO₂, which is acceptable if the CO₂ enhanced oil recovery and carbon tax are considered. However, for the CO₂ hydrogenation technology, the cost is extremely high and there is almost no application possibility at present.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

基于多尺度交叉趋势样本熵的城市空气质量指数分析

为了研究城市的空气质量指数（air quality index,AQI）与各污染物浓度序列之间的一致性,以及相邻城市间污染物的相似程度,提出一种新的多尺度交叉趋势样本熵（multiscale cross trend sample entropy,MCTSE）,用于刻画2个具有趋势的序列在不同尺度上的一致性。利用该方法对长沙、株洲和湘潭3个城市春、夏、秋、冬的AQI与PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO和O₃ 6种污染物浓度序列展开研究,为寻找影响这些城市空气质量的污染源以及共同治理提供参考。最后为这些城市制定空气污染防治目标提出了可行的治理对策。