螯合剂-油菜联合修复对镉污染土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究了在螯合剂-芥菜型油菜修复镉污染土壤中,不同浓度的3种螯合剂EDTA、EDDS和草酸对3种土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,3种螯合剂均显著提高了土壤总Cd去除率,其中EDTA的效果最好,最佳浓度为3 mmol/kg,此时土壤总的Cd去除率高达74.57%。EDTA诱导下土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均显著提高,低浓度EDDS和草酸处理,蔗糖酶活性明显提高,但浓度较高时降到与对照组相当的水平;EDDS和草酸的施用对脲酶活性没有显著影响。3种螯合剂诱导下过氧化氢酶活性均受到轻微抑制,但变化不显著。仅在施加EDTA的土壤中蔗糖酶活性与土壤总Cd含量显著负相关,其他处理中蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤总Cd含量的相关性都不显著。     

双酚A(BPA)暴露对WHHL家兔糖类和脂类代谢的影响

为利用和人类更为接近的动物模型来研究在高脂血症条件下,BPA暴露是否能促进脂类和糖类代谢异常,并探索潜在的毒性效应机制,选取渡边可遗传高脂血症家兔(WHHL)模型,通过灌胃的方式将其暴露于400μg·kg-1体重的BPA溶液长达12周。在持续暴露第8周,检测了在空腹状态下,家兔血浆中葡萄糖、胰岛素和脂肪含量的变化,并根据所得结果进行了静脉注射胰岛素耐受试验(IVTT)。在暴露第12周,同样对空腹状态下,家兔血浆中的葡萄糖,胰岛素和脂肪含量进行了检测,并测量了血压和心率。然后,将所有的家兔进行解剖,通过苏木精-伊红(HE)及糖原(PAS)染色分别对心脏和肝脏部位的脂肪及糖原蓄积情况进行了病理学切片分析。同时,检测了肝脏中与脂类和糖类代谢相关基因在m RNA水平上的表达变化。结果显示,BPA暴露8周后促使WHHL家兔发生了胰岛素抵抗现象,导致第12周血糖及胰岛素含量升高,同时也促进了高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及游离脂肪酸(NEFA)含量的上升。BPA暴露第12周,暴露组WHHL家兔的冠状动脉粥样硬化损伤程度未发生明显增加,但心肌细胞发生了肿胀,胞质中出现了脂肪的蓄积,同时伴随着心律失常。肝脏重量发生增加,肝细胞中同时出现了脂肪和糖原的蓄积现象,相关基因的表达发生了显著上调。研究结果表明,BPA持续暴露可促进WHHL家兔发生脂类和糖类代谢异常,其毒性效应机制可能和胰岛素抵抗及相关基因的异常表达有关。     

基于DEA的中国农业旱灾脆弱性评价及时空演变分析

旱灾脆弱性是形成旱灾的基础,开展脆弱性评价对旱灾形成机理及其防治具有重要意义。运用数据包络分析方法,构建旱灾脆弱性评价模型,对我国近40年农业旱灾脆弱性时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,上海、江苏和福建三省的旱灾脆弱性最低,脆弱度均值低于0.2;而山东、陕西、内蒙古、山西四省的旱灾脆弱性最高,脆弱性均值高于0.5,从南到北旱灾脆弱性逐渐增大,且具有空间正相关特征;旱灾脆弱性程度总体呈下降趋势,变化倾向率为-0.02/10a(P<0.05),但广西、青海、内蒙等9省旱灾脆弱性呈上升趋势;脆弱性的空间差异变小,脆弱性变异系数呈下降趋势。DEA方法运用于脆弱性评价具有较高可信度,可解决旱灾脆弱性评价指标体系复杂、权重确定较主观的问题,对把握区域旱灾脆弱性空间分异特点及时间变化趋势具有较强优势。     

关于电磁辐射污染的探讨

本文在电磁波分类基础上对电磁辐射和电磁感应进行了区分,总结了电磁辐射和电磁感应的相关法律法规和标准,进一步提出了电磁辐射污染防治对策和建议。     

化工园区建设存在的环境问题与对策措施研究

化工园区建设存在选址不科学,缺乏园区统一规划,园区环保基础设施建设滞后,项目盲目引进而无视环评、验收以及环境风险防范措施不落实和环保监管不力等问题。在园区建设上,应该规划环评要先行,园区建设要科学规划,污染集中处理设施要超前,环境风险防范措施要到位,项目引进把关要严,环保验收要合规,同时要强化宣传,严格执法,增强领导干部的环保意识,促进园区建设走向良性循环的发展道路。     

PM_(2.5)手工法与自动法比对差异及其与气象条件影响关系分析

通过在杭州、衢州和温州三个城市开展PM2.5手工法和自动法比对试验,分析PM2.5手工法和自动法的比对差异及其与气象条件的影响关系,以期为PM2.5自动监测的现场手工比对工作积累一定的经验,确保PM2.5自动监测数据的准确性。     

大型磷肥生产企业环境风险研究

对大型磷肥企业生产过程中存在的风险进行识别,进行风险事故源项分析,讨论了风险事故后果的计算方法,并提出相应的风险管理措施。     

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca-Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus (P) resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar (Ca-Mg/biochar) application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca-Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in CaO and MgO nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca-Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles and reached equilibrium after 360 min. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid-liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca-Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical pH level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles of Ca-Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca-Mg/B600 > Ca-Mg/B450 > Ca-Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.     

微孔曝气国内外研究进展及趋势分析

分析比较了国内外微孔曝气研究和应用实例,指出了目前微孔曝气技术的研究重点。同时,综合国内外研究人员的研究成果,分别叙述了曝气量、安装水深、安装面积、孔径、水质和气孔堵塞状况对微孔曝气充氧性能的影响,对不同影响因素的作用效果做了总结,并指出目前研究存在的问题。以期对污水处理厂曝气系统的优化提供借鉴,对拟采用微孔曝气法进行生态修复的研究提供参考。     

Diurnal and spatial variations of soil NOx fluxes in the northern steppe of China

NOx emissions from biogenic sources in soils play a significant role in the gaseous loss of soil nitrogen and consequent changes in tropospheric chemistry. In order to investigate the characteristics of NOx fluxes and factors influencing these fluxes in degraded sandy grasslands in northern China, diurnal and spatial variations of NOx fluxes were measured in situ. A dynamic flux chamber method was used at eight sites with various vegetation coverages and soil types in the northern steppe of China in the summer season of 2010. Fluxes of NOx from soils with plant covers were generally higher than those in the corresponding bare vegetation-free soils, indicating that the canopy plays an important role in the exchange of NOx between soil and air. The fluxes of NOx increased in the daytime, and decreased during the nighttime, with peak emissions occurring between 12:00 and 14:00. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the diurnal variation of NOx fluxes was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.05) and negatively with soil moisture content (P < 0.05). Based on measurement over a season, the overall variation in NOx flux was lower than that of soil nitrogen contents, suggesting that the gaseous loss of N from the grasslands of northern China was not a significant contributor to the high C/N in the northern steppe of China. The concentration of NOx emitted from soils in the region did not exceed the 1-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (0.25 mg/m³).