静电纺丝法制备CaIn2O4-In2O3纳米带及其光催化性能

利用静电纺丝技术原位制备了准一维结构CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带.采用XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS、UV-vis DRS、N_2吸附-脱附曲线等对合成的光催化剂进行表征,并以对苯二甲酸(TA)为分子探针物质,结合荧光技术探讨了光催化反应过程中·OH自由基的变化.以亚甲基蓝(MB)为降解目标物,考察了CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带的光催化活性,并研究了溶液pH及MB初始浓度对其光催化活性的影响.研究结果表明,宽度约为(663±75) nm的CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带由直径约为80 nm的纳米颗粒组成,且纳米颗粒之间有一定的孔隙.模拟太阳光辐照120 min,MB的降解率为76%,且降解过程服从一级动力学模型.CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带在酸性环境中显正电性,且光催化反应体系中·OH自由基的生成量随反应时间线性增加.CaIn_2O_4与In_2O_3的耦合使得合成的光催化剂在模拟太阳光下具有良好的光催化活性.     

基于人工神经网络多源数据融合的子像元冬油菜提取——以两湖平原为例

油菜是我国第五大农作物和重要的油料作物。获取油菜的种植分布信息对食用油市场的发展和粮食安全具有重要意义。两湖平原泛指包括湖北江汉平原和湖南洞庭湖平原在内的广大平原区域,是我国重要的粮棉油生产基地,“湖广熟,天下足”指的就是这一地区。由于耕地破碎,种植结构复杂,两湖平原轮作和间作的现象非常普遍,传统的遥感监测方法难以准确地获取冬油菜的空间分布。本文提出了一种基于人工神经网络ANN的子像元冬油菜提取方法,将时间序列MODIS-EVI和GF-1数据结合以提取两湖平原的冬油菜丰度信息。首先采用顺序前向选择SFS算法从时间序列MODIS-EVI数据集中进行物候特征优选;然后构建融合多源数据的ANN模型估算两湖平原的冬油菜丰度。结果表明：基于ANN方法获取的冬油菜分布具有较高的精度（ANN估算结果与GF-1和统计数据的验证精度分别为91.54%和74.70%）,在利用中分辨率影像进行大尺度冬油菜精细制图方面显示出巨大潜力,可为我国冬油菜的空间分布制图和时空格局分析提供技术方法。     

直升机结构钢涂层体系防护性能在模拟海洋大气环境中的变化

目的对比、评价服役于海洋大气环境中直升机结构钢防护体系的防护性能。方法通过模拟海洋大气环境加速试验方法,研究直升机结构钢防护体系在实际服役过程中出现的损伤。结果涂层A微观结构较为疏松,加速试验中涂层基体产生鼓泡,并发生腐蚀。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)方法测得低频区的阻抗模值相对较低,说明涂层防护性能较差,与宏观试验结果一致。结论在模拟海洋大气环境的加速试验中,涂层表面的微小缺陷(如疏松结构中的微小孔洞)会成为腐蚀溶液进入的快速通道,进而降低涂层的防护性能。利用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)方法可有效表征有机涂层涂覆下的金属腐蚀行为,并评估涂层的防护性能。     

典型航空装备用金属材料在不同酸性盐雾环境下的腐蚀效应及机理

目的对比分析硫酸盐雾试验和盐雾/SO2复合试验的环境效应及机理差异。方法针对硫酸盐雾试验和ASTM G85附录A4-X4中的盐雾/SO2复合试验两种酸性盐雾试验方法,选取3种金属试片(4130高强度合金钢镀铬、40CrNiSi合金钢镀镍、2A12铝合金导电氧化)和2种合金钢自锁螺母(30CrMnSiA镀镉钝化螺母、30CrMnSiA镀锌钝化螺母)作为试验对象,对其开展两种酸性盐雾试验条件下的腐蚀试验,采用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析研究各试验件表面生成的腐蚀产物形貌及组分特征,对比分析两种试验条件下的环境效应及机理差异,并结合耦合多电极矩阵(CMAS)测试技术,对比分析两种酸性盐雾试验条件下的环境腐蚀性特点及严酷性差异,初步探讨了两种试验条件与外场舰载平台环境的相关性关系。结果盐雾/SO2复合试验条件下CMAS电极的腐蚀深度达到同周期硫酸盐雾试验下的10倍左右。盐雾/SO2复合试验下,试样表面腐蚀产物中均检测出S元素的存在。相比于硫酸盐雾试验,盐雾/SO2复合试验与外场舰载平台环境具有更好的一致性。结论美军现行的盐雾/SO2复合试验方法与外场舰载平台环境具有更好的相符性。     

不同环境下微动开关腐蚀形貌及接触电阻变化对比分析研究

目的对比分析不同试验环境下微动开关的腐蚀行为,研究其腐蚀机理。方法针对干湿交替酸性盐雾试验环境、盐雾/SO2复合试验环境及热带海洋大气环境下微动开关接触电阻的变化趋势,以及对不同试验环境后微动开关内部被腐蚀的细小结构件进行微观形貌观察和能谱分析。通过对比分析不同试验环境下微动开关的腐蚀机理及其对电性能参数的影响。结果含硫环境对微动开关内部银质触点的影响最严重。结论腐蚀产物硫化银的导电性极差,这会导致微动开关接触电阻升高。     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of cell abundance, colony size and intracellular toxin concentrations of pelagic and benthic Microcystis in Lake Caohai, China

Lake Caohai has experienced extensive Microcystis blooms in recent years,and to improve its water quality,the local government carried out a series of water control measures.To better understand the dynamics of both pelagic and benthic Microcystis and their characteristics in Lake Caohai,we conducted a 1-year investigation from December 2015to December 2016 to gain a seasonal outlook on the distribution and dynamics of cell abundance,colony size and intracellular microcystins(MCs)of Microcystis.The results indicated that the Microcystis bloom occupied primarily the northeastern region and then moved gradually from lakeshore to lake center.The perennial southwesterly winds and the water inflow from northeast to southwest in Lake Caohai determined the spatiotemporal distribution of pelagic Microcystis.Benthic Microcystis was mainly distributed in the northeastern region in summer,occupied the lake center in autumn and then occupied the southeastern region in winter,determined by the sedimentation of pelagic Microcystis and the death of benthic Microcystis.Small colonies(20-60μm)overwintered more easily in both water column and sediment.The concentrations of intracellular toxin of benthic Microcystis were observed to be significantly higher than those of pelagic Microcystis.This might be because Microcystis synthesized large amount of MCs to acclimate to an unfavorable benthic environment.This knowledge on the dynamics of Microcystis expands our understanding of mechanisms underpinning the formation of Microcystis blooms.     

Effects of redox potential on soil cadmium solubility: Insight into microbial community

Understanding the role of microbes in the solubility of cadmium (Cd) is of fundamental importance for remediation of Cd toxicity. The present study aimed to identify the microbes that involved in regulating Cd solubility and to reveal possible mechanisms. Therefore, microbial communities were investigated through high-throughput sequencing approach, the molecular ecological network was constructed and metagenomes were predicted. Our results indicated that redox conditions affected both the solubility of soil Cd and the microbial communities. Anaerobic microbes, such as Anaerolineaceae, did not only play important roles in shaping the microbial community in soils, but might also be involved in regulating the Cd solubility. Two possible mechanisms that how Anaerolineaceae involved in Cd solubility are (1) Anaerolineaceae are important organic matter degraders under anoxic conditions and (2) Anaerolineaceae can co-exist with methane metabolism microbes, while methane metabolism promotes the precipitation of soluble Cd. Thus, application of Anaerolineaceae in bioremediation of soil Cadmium contamination is a potential approach. The study provided a novel insight into the role of microbial community in the regulation of Cd solubility under different redox conditions, and suggested a potential approach for the remediation of soil Cd contamination.     

Comprehensive analysis of nitrogen distributions and ammonia nitrogen release fluxes in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake, China

The condition of Baiyangdian Lake(BYDL) will improve as the Xiongan New Area evolves and fulfills its role of easing overcrowding and supporting economic growth. Water and sediment samples from BYDL were analyzed to provide information on nitrogen(N) contamination in BYDL. The mean ammonium N(NH_4~+-N), nitrate N, and total N concentrations in the water samples were 0.36, 0.12, and 2.22 mg/L, respectively, and the ranges were 0.003–8.38, 0.06–0.30,and 1.25–10.34 mg/L, respectively. The N concentrations in water gradually increased from the north to the south of BYDL. Sediment at 90% of the sampling sites was in or above the moderately contaminated class(1000–2000 mg/kg) defined in US Environmental Protection Agency total N pollution standards. Positive NH_4~+-N fluxes were found for 28 of the 34 sediment core samples, so the potential for NH_4~+-N being released from sediment was relatively high. The NH_4~+-N fluxes were 5.35–48.76 mg/m~2/day, and the mean and maximum fluxes were 8.71 and 48.76 mg/m~2/day, respectively. Benthic organisms will be affected more by NH_4~+-N and NH_3·H_2O in the surface sediment pore water(mean concentrations 4.93 and 0.13 mg/L, respectively) than by the other forms of N.     

Chromosome doubling of Sedum alfredii Hance: A novel approach for improving phytoremediation efficiency

Sedum alfredii Hance is a cadmium(Cd)/zinc(Zn) hyperaccumulator native to China.However, its relatively low biomass restricted the large-scale application for heavy metal contamination remediation. The chromosome set doubling of S. alfredii in vitro was achieved by 0.1%–0.2%(W/V) colchicine treatment. The plant DNA ploidy was analyzed by flow cytometry and chromosome set doubling plants(CSD) were identified based on the obvious different sharp peak. A tissue culture experiment with different Cd treated levels and a field trial with natural polluted mined soil were conducted to study the effects of chromosome doubling on plant biomass and Cd accumulation in shoots. The results suggested that S.alfredii is a mixoploid. Compared with the wild type plants(WT), CSD exhibited typical"gigas" characteristics in morphology including stem thickness, root hair production,number of leaves and size of stoma guard cell. Fresh weight and dry weight of CSD were increased to 1.62–2.03-fold and 2.26–3.25-fold of WT. And Cd content of CSD showed a17.49%–42.82% increase and 59% increase under tissue culture and field condition,accordingly. In addition, the TF and in BCF of CSD were 2.37-and 1.59-fold of WT,respectively. These results proved that it is feasible to promote phytoextraction efficiency of S. alfredii in Cd contaminated soils through chromosomal engineering, which provides a novel approach for hyperaccumulator application in phytoremediation.     

骨炭粉对Cd污染农田的修复效果与稳定性评价

为了探明骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及稳定性,以潮土与红壤Cd污染农田土壤为对象,基于土壤Cd有效态、作物降Cd率（DR,%）及降Cd失活率（IR,%）等指标,研究田间条件下施用3种浓度（0.25%、0.50%及1.0%）骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及120,360d后修复效果的稳定性.结果表明：骨炭粉处理均能有效促进潮土与红壤中作物生长,增加作物产量.施用骨炭粉能不同程度提高土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、全磷及有效磷含量;其中,0.5%和1.0%骨炭粉处理均显著（P<0.05）提高土壤pH值、土壤全磷及有效磷含量.与对照相比,不同骨炭粉处理120d后潮土和红壤中有效态Cd含量分别降低32.1%~48.4%、32.8%~56.2%,360d后土壤中有效态Cd仍然显著低于对照,降幅为26.9%~37.8%、25.8%~39.5%.对修复后三季作物Cd吸收测定结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度（0.25%~1.0%）骨炭粉处理的第一季作物降Cd率（DR_-Cd）分别达36.0%~60.4%、33.9%~58.2%,作物降Cd率随骨炭粉施用量增加而增加.基于降Cd失活率（IR_-Cd）对骨炭粉修复效果的稳定性测定结果表明,潮土与红壤施用骨炭粉360d后,第三季作物降Cd失活率IR_-Cd为21.2%~34.7%和6.2%~21.6%,表明在酸性红壤中修复效果的稳定性大于潮土.综上骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及其稳定性结果表明,骨炭粉在Cd污染农田土壤修复中具有较大应用价值.