Components and dispersion characteristics of organic and inorganic odorous gases in a large-scale dairy farm

The rapid development of large-scale livestock husbandry has caused serious air pollution problems (e.g., The Tuzuoqi demonstration farm belonging to the Yili Group. The farm is located in the suburb of Hohhot City in northern China). In this study, the gases in typical areas of a large-scale dairy farm were sampled and measured for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia concentrations. Fifty-two species of VOCs were identified. The VOCs emitted from the cowshed mainly consisted of halogenated hydrocarbons (16,960 µg/m³), ketones (15,700 µg/m³), esters (9889 µg/m³), and sulfur compounds (3677 µg/m³). The VOCs from the oxidation pond were mainly composed of halogenated hydrocarbons (21,940 µg/m³) and ketones (3589 µg/m³). The VOCs from the solid–liquid separation tank comprised halogenated hydrocarbons (32,010 µg/m³), ketones (7169 µg/m³), and sulfur compounds (1003 µg/m³). The highest concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were obtained from the milking parlor and solid–liquid separation tank, respectively. The ammonia concentration declined gradually due to the superposition of ammonia emitted from the cowshed and milking parlor. Analysis results of the influences of distance and meteorological factors on the dispersion of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide suggested that the dilution factors decreased with increasing distance from the emission source. Within distance ranges of 0–10 and 10–25 m, the concentration dilution factors were positively correlated with wind speed and temperature but negatively correlated with humidity and atmospheric pressure. The results of our work can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of odorous gases in large-scale livestock farms.

Implications: Gases in typical areas of a large-scale dairy farm were sampled, and a total of 52 species of VOCs were identified. The highest concentrations of ketones, sulfur compounds, and esters were obtained at the cowshed (15,700, 3677, and 9889 µg/m³, respectively). Within the distance ranges of 0–10 and 10–25 m, the concentration dilution factors were positively correlated with wind speed and temperature.     

The effect of temperature on the rate of cyanide metabolism of two woody plants

The response of cyanide metabolism rates of two woody plants to changes in temperature is investigated. Detached leaves (1.0 g fresh weight) from weeping willow (Salix babylonica L.) and Chinese elder (Sambucus chinensis Lindl.) were kept in glass vessels with 100ml of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide for a maximum of 28 h. Ten different temperatures were used ranging from 11 degrees C to 32 degrees C. The disappearance of aqueous cyanide was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The cyanide removal rate of Chinese elder was higher than that of weeping willow at all temperatures. The highest cyanide removal rate for Chinese elder was found at 30 degrees C with a value of 12.6 mg CN kg(-1) h(-1), whereas the highest value of the weeping willow was 9.72 mg CN kg(-1) h(-1) at 32 degrees C. The temperature coefficient values, Q10, which are the ratio of removal rates at a 10 degree difference, were determined for Chinese elder and weeping willow to 1.84 and 2.09, respectively, indicating that the cyanide removal rate of weeping willow was much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the Chinese elder. In conclusion, changes in temperature have a substantial influence on the removal rate of cyanide by plants.     

城市绿地降低空气中含菌量的生态效应研究

按照大气生物监测的方法和要求，选择了上海市区的交通干通。公园和居住区的主要类型的绿地，对绿地降低气挟菌数量的生态效应进行了初步研究，结果表明，绿地结构，植物种类配置和粉尘污染是影响绿地降低气挟菌数量效应的主要因素。     

Span80-Tween60/T154/煤油/H2SO4微乳液膜处理氨氮废水

研究了以Span80和Tween60为混合表面活性剂的微乳液膜的配方及其稳定性，通过Span80-Tween60/T154/煤油/H2SO4微乳液膜体系处理氨氮废水的研究，考察了表面活性剂的配比、T154的浓度、萃取时间、乳水比、外水相pH值、油相回用次数等因素对氨氮萃取率的影响。实验结果表明，当Span80和Tween60的质量比为4∶1，T154在煤油中的质量浓度为5％，萃取时间为15 min，乳水比为1∶14，外水相pH值为9时，氨氮一次性萃取率可到99.85％；该微乳液膜不仅稳定性好，对氨氮萃取率高，而且制乳、破乳容易，油相可重复使用。     

Pt/MgO催化剂上NOx存储-还原反应性能

采用稀燃-富燃交替运行方式,研究存储-还原型催化剂Pt/MgO的NOx存储性能以及C3H6还原NOx反应性能.氧化存储段,NOx可被有效存储;当氧化性气氛转换为还原性气氛后,出现一个NOx峰,降低了总的转化效果.NOx峰的大小与存储段和还原段时间之比、温度等因素有关;400℃时NOx峰最小,总转化率最高.5 h循环实验表明,400℃时Pt/MgO催化剂再生良好,NOx转化率稳定在96%.于反应气氛中添加100 mg/m3SO2进行了5 h抗硫性实验,Pt/MgO催化剂的抗硫中毒能力明显强于Pt/BaO/Al2O3.     

An operational assessment of the application of the relative reduction factors in the demonstration of attainment of the 8-hr ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1997 revised the 1-hr ozone (O3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) to one based on an 8-hr average, resulting in potential nonattainment status for substantial portions of the eastern United States. The regulatory process provides for the development of a state implementation plan that includes a demonstration that the projected future O3 concentrations will be at or below the NAAQS based on photochemical modeling and analytical techniques. In this study, four photochemical modeling systems, based on two photochemical models, Community Model for Air Quality and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions, and two emissions processing models, Sparse Matrix Optimization Kernel for Emissions and Emissions Modeling System, were applied to the eastern United States, with emphasis on the northeastern Ozone Transport Region in terms of their response to oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic carbon-focused controls on the estimated design values. With the 8-hr O3 NAAQS set as a bright-line test, it was found that a given area could be termed as being in or out of attainment of the NAAQS depending upon the modeling system. This suggests the need to provide an estimate of model-to-model uncertainty in the relative reduction factor (RRF) for a better understanding of the uncertainty in projecting the status of an area's attainment. Results indicate that the model-to-model differences considered in this study introduce     

应用假单胞菌进行防蜡作用的研究

假单胞菌L－11菌体与其胞外产物可以作为一种很好的防蜡剂，对L－11的发酵条件进行了优化，确定了最适发酵培养基的配方，发酵培养基以葡萄糖、蛋白胨为其最适碳、氮源，防蜡剂生产的发酵条件为：前16h的发酵温度为35℃，后期将温度降至20℃，发酵液的pH=4．5为发酵终点，此时发酵液在内条件下的防蜡率为78％，将上述所得菌液在大庆油田做了防蜡实验，结果表明，注入L－11的油井洗井周期有所延长，实验证明了L－11的发酵液可以作为一种经济、有效的蜡剂。     

循环经济和工业生态效率指标体系

首先介绍了在OECD国家应用较多的生态效率的概念，并提出目前大力推行的循环经济的本质就是提高生态效率。为了衡量和评价循环经济的发展，有必要研究探索循环经济评价指标体系，本文借鉴生态效率指标体系的内容，对循环经济的评价指标体系进行了初步研究和设计。     

固体废弃物渗滤液组分动态变化预测

渗滤液(Leachate)是城市固体废物填埋场(MSWLF)污染环境的主要来源之一，因此掌握其水质变化规律是研究填埋场对环境污染的首要问题。渗滤液的主要来源是大气降水，使用垃圾淋滤的方法模拟大气降水，利用实验结果建立模拟模型，揭示了渗滤液组分随降水的变化规律。可以预测垃圾填埋后渗滤液污染组分的浓度变化。为研究填埋场渗滤液组分变化及确定其处理对策提供了理论依据。     

上海郊区旱作农田氮素流失研究

通过测坑和大田小区试验,研究了上海郊区旱作农田氮素降雨径流和降雨渗漏流失的特征、相关因素和流失负荷。结果表明:平水年重质土麦地总氮流失负荷为18. 38 kg·hm-2,其中降雨径流总氮流失负荷为4. 4kg·hm-2,渗漏为13. 98kg·hm-2;菜地总氮流失量为55. 65kg·hm-2,其中降雨径流总氮流失负荷为21. 6kg·hm-2,渗漏为34. 05kg·hm-2;旱田氮素流失以硝态氮为主,占总氮90%左右。施用有机肥可较大幅度地减少旱田的氮素渗漏流失。