入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花综合管理技术的研究进展

加拿大一枝黄花的入侵已经成为不容忽视的问题,产生了无法估量的经济、社会、生态损失。由于加拿大一枝黄花繁殖能力强、传播迅速、生境多样,因此该种的控制难度也大。文章综述了有关加拿大一枝黄花物理防治、化除、生物防治、植物替代等方法及其应用效果,以期为更有效地实施拿大一枝黄花的综合管理提供理论基础和实践依据。     

新疆喀什地区地下水铁锰水文地球化学及演化规律

新疆喀什地区高铁锰地下水严重影响当地供水水质安全及居民身体健康.基于数据收集及水文地质调查基础上,利用171组地下水水样测试数据,借助统计学方法和PHREEQC软件反演对喀什地区地下水铁锰水文地球化学进行研究.结果表明,研究区地下水Fe超标率为39.8%,垂向为深层承压水>浅层承压水>潜水;Mn超标率为60.8%,垂向为浅层承压水>潜水>深层承压水,Mn含量的超标率普遍高于Fe含量的超标率,且分布范围更广,更普遍;高铁锰地下水主要富集于SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg型水、SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg型水和SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca型水中,高矿化度地下水和蒸发浓缩作用有利于铁锰富集,潜水Fe含量受人为因素影响较大;研究区地下水Fe主要为Fe （Ⅱ）,Mn均为Mn （Ⅱ）;研究区地下水中铁的来源主要为原生地层中褐铁矿,部分为菱铁矿和其他含铁矿物,锰的来源主要为黑锰矿、软锰矿和部分菱锰矿等含锰矿物;潜水中As参与Fe的阳离子交换作用生成Fe （Ⅱ）,承压含水层Mn在高矿化度地下水中持续发生阳离子交换作用,随着含水层深度加大,研究区地下水中的黑锰矿、褐铁矿和软锰矿溶解始终未达到饱和,持续溶解.     

Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units in municipal wastewater treatment plant

● Reduce the quantifying MPs time by using Nile red staining. ● The removal rate of MPs and PAEs in wastewater and sludge were investigated. ● MPs and PAEs were firstly analyzed during thermal hydrolysis treatment. ● The removal of PAEs from wastewater and sludge was mainly biodegradation. Microplastics (MPs) and plasticizers, such as phthalate esters (PAEs), were frequently detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP). Previous research mainly studied the removal of MPs and PAEs in wastewater. However, the occurrence of MPs and PAEs in the sludge was generally ignored. To comprehensively investigate the occurrence and the migration behaviors of MPs and PAEs in MWTP, a series of representative parameters including the number, size, color, shape of MPs, and the concentrations of PAEs in wastewater and sludge were systematically investigated. In this study, the concentrations of MPs in the influent and effluent were 15.46±0.37 and 0.30±0.14 particles/L. The MP removal efficiency of 98.1% was achieved and about 73.8% of MPs were accumulated in the sludge in the MWTP. The numbers of MPs in the sludge before and after digestion were 4.40±0.14 and 0.31±0.01 particles/g (dry sludge), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis showed that the main types of MPs were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). Six PAEs, including phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), ortho dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in the MWTP. The concentrations of total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in the influent and effluent were 76.66 and 6.28 µg/L, respectively. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in the sludge before and after digestion were 152.64 and 31.70 µg/g, respectively. In the process of thermal hydrolysis, the number and size of MPs decreased accompanied by the increase of the plasticizer concentration.     

TiO2@palygorskite composite for the efficient remediation of oil spills via a dispersion-photodegradation synergy

• A novel and multi-functional clay-based oil spill remediation system was constructed. • TiO₂@PAL functions as a particulate dispersant to break oil slick into tiny droplets. • Effective dispersion leads to the direct contact of TiO₂ with oil pollutes directly. • TiO₂ loaded on PAL exhibits efficient photodegradation for oil pollutants. • TiO₂@PAL shows a typical dispersion-photocatalysis synergistic remediation. Removing spilled oil from the water surface is critically important given that oil spill accidents are a common occurrence. In this study, TiO₂@Palygorskite composite prepared by a simple coprecipitation method was used for oil spill remediation via a dispersion-photodegradation synergy. Diesel could be efficiently dispersed into small oil droplets by TiO₂@Palygorskite. These dispersed droplets had an average diameter of 20–30 mm and exhibited good time stability. The tight adsorption of TiO₂@Palygorskite on the surface of the droplets was observed in fluorescence and SEM images. As a particulate dispersant, the direct contact of TiO₂@Palygorskite with oil pollutants effectively enhanced the photodegradation efficiency of TiO₂ for oil. During the photodegradation process, •O₂⁻and •OH were detected by ESR and radical trapping experiments. The photodegradation efficiency of diesel by TiO₂@Palygorskite was enhanced by about 5 times compared with pure TiO₂ under simulated sunlight irradiation. The establishment of this new dispersion-photodegradation synergistic remediation system provides a new direction for the development of marine oil spill remediation.     

烟气脱硫过程锰催化氧化亚硫酸钙的研究

利用直径280 mm、高320 mm的间歇式搅拌槽,在MnSO4加入浓度为0～0.05 mol/L的情况下,对亚硫酸钙悬浮液进行了催化氧化实验研究.实验结果表明,锰离子的加入会改变亚硫酸钙的氧化机理及氧化过程,表现为终点氧化率和氧化速率的变化.当Mn2 浓度为0.05 mol/L时,亚硫酸钙的终点氧化率比未加入Mn2 时高30%;此外,与非催化反应过程相比,Mn2 的加入能使亚硫酸钙在一个更宽的浓度范围内(0.02～0.073 mol/L)和一个更宽的时间范围内(20～100 min)均保持较高的氧化速率水平.     

直接驯化嗜盐菌处理高盐废水的研究

从大连旅顺盐场底泥中筛选出适合高盐度的嗜盐菌,在序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中对其进行3.5%(质量分数)盐度的驯化,污泥混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)平均质量浓度达600mg/L。污泥比耗氧速率(SOUR)测量结果显示,内源呼吸阶段污泥SOUR为10.36mg/(g.h),外源呼吸阶段污泥SOUR达到29.09mg/(g.h),表明所筛选的嗜盐菌培养的污泥具有较高活性。利用培养的污泥进行高盐模拟废水处理试验,结果表明,对盐度为3.5%、COD为240～340mg/L的高盐废水,在每周期12h、曝气量0.6L/min、污泥MLSS为600mg/L、污泥龄为18d条件下,COD去除率达95%以上,NH4+-N去除率达61%,TP去除率达55%。改变进水有机负荷对出水COD去除影响不大,该系统耐有机负荷冲击能力较强;盐度负荷的改变对COD的去除影响不大,而NH4+-N去除率有明显变化,在3.5%和5.0%的盐度下,NH4+-N去除率分别为61%和31%。     

Cadmium (Cd) distribution and contamination in Chinese paddy soils on national scale

Rice is a staple food by an increasing number of people in China. As more issues have arisen in China due to rice contaminated by cadmium (Cd), Cd contamination in arable soils has become a severe problem. In China, many studies have examined Cd contamination in arable soils on a national scale, but little studies have focused on the distribution of Cd in paddy fields. This study explored the spatial pattern of Cd in paddy soils in China, made a preliminary evaluation of the potential risk, and identified the most critically contaminated regions based on the domestic rough rice trade flow. The results showed that Cd concentrations in paddy soils in China ranged from 0.01 to 5.50 mg/kg, with a median value of 0.23 mg/kg. On average, the highest Cd concentrations were in Hunan (0.73 mg/kg), Guangxi (0.70 mg/kg), and Sichuan (0.46 mg/kg) provinces. Cd concentrations in paddy soils in central and western regions were higher than those in eastern regions, especially the southeastern coastal regions. Of the administrative regions, Cd standard exceedance rate was 33.2 %, and the heavy pollution rate was 8.6 %. Regarding to Cd of paddy soil, soil environmental quality was better in Northeast China Plain than in Yangtze River Basin and southeastern coastal region. Mining activities were the main anthropogenic pollution source of Cd in Chinese paddy soil. Based on rice trade, more of the Chinese population would be exposed to Cd through intake of rice produced in Hunan province. Certain regions that output rice, especially Hunan province, should be given priority in the management and control of Cd contamination in paddy soil.     

不同因素对人工湿地基质脱氮除磷效果的影响

在人工配制的污水中投入一定量的基质,不同条件下振荡培养,评价沸石、炉渣和陶瓷滤料3种基质在不同因素影响下对氨氮(NH4+-N)和总磷(TP)的吸附能力。结果表明,不同吸附时间时,沸石对NH4+-N的吸附效果最好,陶瓷滤料对TP的吸附效果最好;进水浓度对沸石吸附NH4+-N的影响较大,其吸附量随进水浓度的增大而增大,进水浓度对炉渣和陶瓷滤料吸附NH4+-N及炉渣吸附TP影响不大;3种基质对NH4+-N和TP的吸附量均是随吸附剂量的增加而降低,要达到较好的去污效果,应根据实验结果考虑基质投入量;pH值对沸石吸附NH4+-N影响显著,pH值6～7范围内吸附效果最好,pH值8～12的碱性条件有利于基质对TP的吸附。     

船舶柴油机选择性催化还原积碳臭氧直接氧化再生

为解决船舶柴油机SCR催化剂积碳再生问题,提出了臭氧直接氧化再生的方法。实验用玻璃纤维无胶滤筒采集PM,然后在管式炉中用臭氧氧化滤筒中的PM,研究了温度和臭氧浓度对PM氧化的影响。实验表明,臭氧的最佳氧化温度窗口为200~240℃,PM氧化速度随臭氧浓度提高明显加快,PM氧化率可以达到92%以上。根据实验结果,提出了船舶柴油机SCR积碳O3低温再生技术方案。     

商场消防安全对经济增长贡献率的研究

消防安全对商场安全运行的技术功能保障与维护作用会伴随商场经济运行的全过程,基于此,构建了商场消防安全增值效益理论,提出了商场消防安全经济增长贡献率的概念,对商场消防安全经济增长贡献率进行了分析计算,并在计算的基础上提出了提高商场消防安全的对策建议.