单壁碳纳米管致昆明小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤

单壁碳纳米管(single walled carbon nanotubes,SWCNTs)是纳米材料研究关注的焦点之一.尽管如此,关于其神经毒性的研究相对较少.本研究将SWCNTs以不同的浓度(0 mg·kg-1·d-1,3.125 mg·kg-1·d-1,6.25 mg·kg-1·d-1,12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1),通过腹腔注射于Kunming小鼠体内.神经行为学实验(旷场实验)结果表明,在一定浓度的SWCNTs作用下,小鼠的情绪受到一定的影响,具有抑郁症的特征,出现移动能力下降,紧张等现象.同时小鼠脑部组织的活性氧族(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平升高(p0.05),还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平降低(p0.05),炎症因子白介素-1β(interleukin-1 beta,IL-1β)的水平升高(p0.05).组织学观察显示,随着染毒浓度的升高,脑海马锥体细胞的空泡化程度愈加明显,着色不均,锥体细胞顶状树突逐渐消失,细胞排列松散,尼氏小体消失.结论:一定浓度的SWCNTs可以导致小鼠脑组织发生病变,产生一定的神经毒性.     

青岛大气中HNO3、HNO2、NH3及PM2.5中氮组分的浓度特征和气-粒平衡关系

研究PM2.5中NO-3、NO-2、NH+4及其气态前体物HNO3、HNO2、NH3的浓度特征和气-粒平衡关系,对深入认识PM2.5的来源及控制因素具有重要意义.因此,本文利用2012年6—7月在青岛采集的denuder和PM2.5大气样品,分析了其中气态和颗粒态氮组分的浓度.结果发现,青岛大气中HNO3、HNO2和NH3浓度分别为(0.80±0.79)μg·m-3、(0.49±0.59)μg·m-3和(4.71±4.03)μg·m-3,PM2.5中NO-3、NO-2和NH+4的浓度分别为(7.50±9.00)μg·m-3、(0.07±0.02)μg·m-3和(8.23±5.57)μg·m-3.HNO3气体浓度的昼夜变化具有统计意义上的显著差异,白天平均为1.16μg·m-3,高于夜晚的0.44μg·m-3,但其他氮组分无显著昼夜差异.观测期间,青岛大气为富氨环境,PM2.5中NH+4主要以(NH4)2SO4的形式存在,NO-3生成主要受HNO3的限制.利用ISORROPIA II热力学平衡模型探讨了青岛PM2.5中氮组分的控制因子,通过敏感性实验发现,颗粒态NO-3和NH+4分别对总HNO3(TN)和总H2SO4(TS)的变化响应敏感,而对总NH3(TA)的变化响应不敏感,这暗示了减少大气中TN和TS而不是TA对降低青岛PM2.5浓度更有效.     

硫磺回收装置腐蚀原因及防护措施

针对国内硫磺回收装置实际生产中存在的设备腐蚀问题,根据不同的腐蚀机理进行了腐蚀分类,分析了腐蚀原因并提出了具体的防护措施.     

浅谈细节管理在事故预防中的价值

在现代安全管理中,关于安全事故预防的方法和理论有很多.随着当今越来越多的企业建立和运行HSE管理体系,运用管理体系的方法和原理达到安全事故预防的目的,已日渐成为安全管理领域中的重要趋势.现结合HSE管理体系标准的相关要求,借鉴安全领域中众所熟知的"安全金字塔"法则,来浅淡细节管理在安全事故预防中的价值.     

Comparison of catalytic activity of two platinised TiO2 films towards the oxidation of organic pollutants

Two types of platinised TiO2 films, i.e., Pt-TiO2/ITO and Pt(TiO2)/ITO, were prepared by a procedure of dip-coating and subsequent photo-deposition, and photo-deposition and subsequent dip-coating, respectively. They were well characterized by DRS, XRD spectra, SEM microscopy and photoelectrochemical measurement. Their photocatalytic, dark catalytic and photoelectrocatalytic activities were investigated using formic acid as a model organic pollutants. Compared with pure TiO2/ITO film, the photocatalytic activity of the platinised TiO2 films were apparently improved. However, the improvement was considerably dependent on the preparation method of these films. Pt-TiO2/ITO not only possessed higher photocatalytic activity but also showed a dark catalytic activity towards HCOOH degradation. As a sequence, it was first emphasized that the dark catalytic effect of Pt-TiO2/ITO was partly responsible for degradation of formic acid in the photocatalytic oxidation process. Although the Pt(TiO2)/ITO film does not exhibit the dark catalytic activity, its photocatalytic degradation efficiencies towards HCOOH are higher than that of Pt-TiO2/ITO film. Therefore, in view of enhanced photocatalytic activity, the Pt(TiO2)/ITO was more favored than Pt-TiO2/ITO film.     

Study on fractions of adsorbed Pb and Cd onto natural surface coatings

The speciation and extent of migration of adsorbed Pb and Cd in natural surface coatings (NSCs) were investigated using sequential extraction procedure to provide an understanding of distribution of the adsorbed Pb and Cd. Extractions were conducted on NSCs before and after Pb and Cd adsorption treatment under controlled laboratory conditions with initial Pb and Cd concentrations ranging from 0.2-2.5 mol/l. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms were applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb and Cd adsorption to NSCs components. The results showed that 58.50% of adsorbed Pb in average existed in tightly adsorbed form, and the remaining Pb was mostly present as solid oxides/hydroxides (34.00%) and exchangeable and soluble form (7.50%) in NSCs, respectively. Large amount of adsorbed Cd (70.51% in average) was present in exchangeable and soluble form, following a decreasing order in tightly adsorbed form (18.61%), solid oxides/hydroxides (9.87%), and easily oxidizable solids/compounds (1.01%), respectively. No Cd was found in strongly held oxides and precipitates. Compared to the distribution of adsorbed Pb in NSCs, Cd distribution showed that less migration of Cd from exchangeable and soluble form to solid oxides/hydroxides after adsorbed to NSCs, indicating fewer sites for Cd to adsorb to NSCs and less affinity of Cd to the NSCs. These percent distributions of metals provided an additional interpretation to that Pb adsorption to the NSCs greater than that of Cd, less retention of Cd than that of Pb and less roles attributed for Pb/Cd adsorption by organic materials in NSCs, which were observed based on the selective extraction techniques in the independent investigations.     

Influence of cadmium on antioxidant capacity and four microelement concentrations in tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings were grown in four cadmium (Cd) levels of 0-10 microM in a hydroponic system to analyze the antioxidative enzymes, Cd concentration in the plants, and the interaction between Cd and four microelements. The results showed that there was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in the plants subjected to 1-10 microM Cd. This indicates that Cd stress induces an oxidative stress response in tomato plants, characterized by an accumulation of MDA and increase in activities of SOD and POD. Root, stem and leaf Cd concentrations increased with its exposure Cd level, and the highest Cd concentration occurred in roots, followed by leaves and stems. A concentration- and tissue-dependent response was found in the four microelement concentrations to Cd stress in the tomato leaves, stems and roots. Regression analysis showed that there was a significantly negative correlation between Cd and Mn, implying the antagonistic effect of Cd on Mn absorption and translocation. The correlation between Cd and Zn, Cu and Fe were inconsistent among leaves, stems and roots.     

Cu and Zn adsorption onto non-residual and residual components in the natural surface coatings samples (NSCSs) in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coatings samples (NSCSs) from the surface of river shingles were employed to investigate the roles of non-residual and residual components of the NSCSs in controlling Cu and Zn adsorption via the selective extraction techniques and statistical analysis. The results indicate that the greatest contribution to metals adsorption on a molar basis was from Mn oxides in the non-residual fraction. Metals adsorption capacities of Mn oxides exceeded those of Fe oxides by one order of magnitude, fewer roles were found attributing to adsorption by organic materials (OM), and the estimated contribution of the residual fraction to metals adsorption was insignificant. These results implied that Mn oxides were the most important component in controlling heavy metals in aquatic environments. Experiments with Cu and Zn adsorption measured together showed that Cu severely interfered with Zn adsorption to the NSCSs and vice versa under the conditions of the two coexisted ions adsorption.     

Effects of metsulfuron-methyl on the microbial population and enzyme activities in wheat rhizosphere soil

The effects of metsulfuron-methyl, a sulfonylurea herbicide, on the wheat soil microorganisms were evaluated by the methods of microbial inoculation culture, and the activities of three enzymes were measured using the colorimetric method. The tolerant microorganisms that can resist 500 microg x g(-1) metsulfuron-methyl in the counting culture medium were studied specially. Metsulfuron-methyl distinctly inhibited the common aerobic heterotriphic bacteria, but the effects on common fungi and common actinomycete were not evident. In the meantime, the number of tolerant fungi increased greatly in the rhizosphere after the application of metsulfuron-methyl in contrast to the significant decrease of the amount of tolerant actinomycete. It indicates that fungi might turn into the dominant microbial type and actinomycete is the sensitive factor in the soil polluted by sulfonylurea residues. The population of aromatic compounds-decomposing bacteria, aerobic azotobacter, and nitrite bacteria all increased in the earlier period, but the aerobic azotobacter decreased rapidly in number 30 days later, and the amount of nitrite bacteria also showed a temporary decrease with time 15 days later. However, the denitrifying bacteria just began to increase significantly after the crops had grown for 50 days. The amount of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria gradually decreased with the growth of crops, and so were the sulfate-reducing bacteria after metsulfuron-methyl application. To all types of microorganisms, there were more microbes in rhizosphere samples than those in nonrhizosphere except aerobic azotobacter. It means the growth of wheat root system can stimulate the growth of most microorganisms. The activities of hydrogen peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in soil samples after metsulfuron-methyl application were notably lower than those in the control, and the difference of the activities between the samples of rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere was evident. On the contrary, the activity of dehydrogenase was not inhibited by the application of metsulfuron-methyl, and the rhizosphere effect was not obvious either.     

综放工作面覆岩破坏特征及裂隙演化相似模拟试验研究

针对煤层开采后常出现矿压显现剧烈、煤岩透气性增大和地表下沉等问题,利用二维相似模拟试验研究综放工作面覆岩破坏特征并通过分形理论表征裂隙演化规律.试验结果表明:煤层基本顶初次来压步距为78 m,周期来压步距为24 m;煤层采动裂隙发育,距煤层顶板超过35 m;煤层开采后形成的覆岩裂隙具有分形特征,其分形维数随工作面的推进...