Gaseous emissions from the combustion of a waste mixture containing a high concentration of N2O

This paper is focused on reducing the emissions from the combustion of a waste mixture containing a high concentration of N2O. A rate model and an equilibrium model were used to predict gaseous emissions from the combustion of the mixture. The influences of temperature and methane were considered, and the experimental research was carried out in a tabular reactor and a pilot combustion furnace. The results showed that for the waste mixture, the combustion temperature should be in the range of 950-1100 degrees C and the gas residence time should be 2s or higher to reduce emissions.     

硝化细菌对碘普罗胺的降解及作用机制

将富含硝化细菌的驯化污泥投放于培养基中,以碘普罗胺(IOPr)为处理对象,研究硝化细菌对IOPr的降解促进作用情况。结果表明,富集培养的硝化细菌能有效地促进IOPr的降解,最佳反应条件为:温度30℃,pH 8.0~8.5,初始投加浓度为10 mg/L,同时在硝化细菌存在条件下,IOPr的5 d降解率可达84.1%。IOPr的生物降解属于共代谢机制,向培养基中加入葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉和麦芽糖,可以显著提高IOPr的降解去除率;在投加500 mg/L葡萄糖作为外加碳源时,硝化细菌对IOPr的3 d降解率可达60.3%。     

天然土壤对水溶液中Pb~(2+)的吸附

以天然土壤为吸附材料,处理水溶液中的Pb2+,研究3种土壤对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附过程并结合土壤的理化性质对吸附规律进行初步分析。结果表明,棕壤和钙层土对Pb2+的吸附能力远大于红壤,3种土壤对Pb2+的吸附动力学曲线与二次动力学方程有较好的拟合性;3种土壤吸附Pb2+的吸附等温线用Langmuir方程描述最为合适,其次是Temkin方程,再次是Frenudlich方程,钙层土对Pb2+的吸附受温度影响较为明显;由实验数据得出的反应热力学参数说明3种土壤对Pb2+的吸附是自发的吸热过程;Pb2+在饱和吸附的土壤表面覆盖率并不高;土壤对Pb2+的吸附能力受各种土壤理化性质的综合影响。     

高压脉冲放电等离子体对水中土霉素的降解

采用针-板式高压脉冲放电等离子体降解水中土霉素,考察了放电输出功率、空气流量、电极间距、溶液初始浓度、初始pH、初始电导率和添加Fe2+的量对土霉素去除率的影响。实验结果表明,高压脉冲放电等离子体对水中土霉素有较好的去除效率,在初始浓度200 mg/L,放电功率64 W,电极间距8 mm,空气流速0.05 m3/h,初始pH为2.6,初始电导率1.083 mS/cm条件下,反应12 min后,土霉素的去除率可达97%。向溶液中添加Fe2+,可提高土霉素的去除率。TOC随着反应时间的延长逐渐减小,反应12 min时,TOC去除率可达57%,说明大分子物质被降解为小分子物质,部分被完全矿化为CO2和H2O。     

突变灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶降解刚果红的响应面法优化分析

酶法降解偶氮染料刚果红是一个复杂的过程,受温度、pH、酶量、刚果红浓度和双氧水浓度显著影响。为研究各因素及因素间交互作用对刚果红降解影响,提高刚果红的降解率,分别使用单因素法和响应面分析法对刚果红降解条件进行了优化。单因素实验结果显示灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶降解刚果红的最适条件为：pH5．0、32℃、酶量4．98u、双氧水0．1mmol／L、刚果红20mg／L,此时刚果红最高降解率为34．84％。然后选双氧水浓度、刚果红浓度和灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶量作为3个因素,通过中心组合设计实验,用响应面法对刚果红降解进行优化分析,最后得到一个拟合度良好的二次多项方程模型（R2=0．9900）。方差分析结果显示,刚果红浓度和酶量是影响最显著的因素,双氧水与酶以及染料与酶之间的交互作用极显著。响应面分析优化后的反应体系为：双氧水浓度0．15mmol／L,刚果红浓度为27．21mg／L,酶为2．07U,在此条件下,刚果红降解率达58．13％。     

Pros and cons of climate change in China

Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(RD)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.     

南京方山生态公园不同人工植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化

2009年3月~2010年4月采用干漏斗法和手捡法对南京方山生态公园针阔混交林、茶园、农田等3种典型人工植被生境的土壤动物群落结构及其季节变化进行初步调查。共采得土壤动物样本3 164个,27个类群隶属于5门12纲23目。结果表明：近孔寡毛目（Plesiopora）、弹尾纲（Collembola）和蜱螨目（Acarina）为常年优势类群;双翅目（Diptera）、同翅目（Homoptera）、膜翅目（Hymenoptera）、等足目（Isopoda）、后孔寡毛目（Opisthopora）和鞘翅目（Coleoptera）则为常年常见类群。土壤动物群落类群数和个体数量的季节消长规律分别是夏季>冬季>秋季>春季和夏季>秋季>冬季>春季。不同植被生境的土壤动物个体数量总数依次为茶园>混交林>农田;不同季节、不同人工植被类型以及不同季节和不同人工植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成具有较大变化,不同类群之间个体数量差异显著。多样性分析表明,土壤动物类群多样性和均匀性指数在夏季时最高;茶园和混交林多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于农田。不同植被类型土壤动物垂直分布特征均表现为具有明显的表聚性,土壤动物的类群垂直分布差异明显,类群数随土层向下逐步减少     

Mechanical behavior of typical hazardous waste and its influence on landfill stability during operation

The stability of hazardous waste (HW) landfill is a major security risk to the landfill environmental safety. The mechanical behavior of waste controls many aspects of landfill design and operation, including stability and settlement issues and the integrity of geosynthetic and liner components. This study presents the results of a laboratory experiment to learn the mechanical properties of HW collected from the Hangzhou HW landfill. Measured mechanical behavior was compared with results for municipal solid waste (MSW) to assess their discrepancies. The particle size of HW was analyzed by the sieving and hydrometer methods. Because HW comes primarily from industrial plants in the form of sludge or slag, their particle sizes are generally smaller than those of MSW. This study indicates that the shear strength parameters of HW are more sensitive to the methods of testing and calculation than those of MSW. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the safety factor of a landfill is affected by the mechanical properties of HW, especially cohesion and friction angle. Because of the lower particle size and wider compression ratio, compared to MSW, an HW landfill should be taken more care in its operational procedures so as to increase its stability.     

Emergy-based comparative analysis on industrial clusters: economic and technological development zone of Shenyang area,China

In China, local governments of many areas prefer to give priority to the development of heavy industrial clusters in pursuit of high value of gross domestic production (GDP) growth to get political achievements, which usually results in higher costs from ecological degradation and environmental pollution. Therefore, effective methods and reasonable evaluation system are urgently needed to evaluate the overall efficiency of industrial clusters. Emergy methods links economic and ecological systems together, which can evaluate the contribution of ecological products and services as well as the load placed on environmental systems. This method has been successfully applied in many case studies of ecosystem but seldom in industrial clusters. This study applied the methodology of emergy analysis to perform the efficiency of industrial clusters through a series of emergy-based indices as well as the proposed indicators. A case study of Shenyang Economic Technological Development Area (SETDA) was investigated to show the emergy method’s practical potential to evaluate industrial clusters to inform environmental policy making. The results of our study showed that the industrial cluster of electric equipment and electronic manufacturing produced the most economic value and had the highest efficiency of energy utilization among the four industrial clusters. However, the sustainability index of the industrial cluster of food and beverage processing was better than the other industrial clusters.     

上海市典型城市河岸带不同植被类型下土壤反硝化作用研究

为了解城市河岸带不同植被类型下土壤的反硝化速率及其影响因子,在上海市城市河岸带的长风绿地选择了熊掌木、硕苞蔷薇和矮生百慕大草3种植被类型,于2012年3月（春初）、5月（春季）、7月（夏季）、11月（秋季）测定了其下不同深度（2～5 cm、12～15 cm、22～25 cm和32～35 cm）土壤的反硝化速率和土壤的粒度、含水率、SOC、NH4+和NO3-含量等基本理化性质。结果表明:长风绿地3种植被类型下土壤理化性质和反硝化速率具有一定的差异性,但均表现为2～5 cm深度土壤反硝化速率显著高于其他深度;熊掌木和硕苞蔷薇2~5 cm深度土壤反硝化速率均为春初显著高于其他季节,而草地2~5 cm深度反硝化速率在春夏季显著高于春初和秋季;其他深度土壤均不存在显著的季节性差异;植被类型、深度和季节对反硝化速率的单一和综合影响效应（除植被类型*深度外）均显著;反硝化速率与土壤的SOC、NH4+和NO3-含量呈极显著正相关（p<001）,而与土壤含水率和气温没有显著相关关系