城市室内环境多环芳烃污染与源的相关性

本实验选择了天津市４类典型室内环境和２处室外对照点，共１９个采样点。现场采样测定了１０种ＰＡＨｓ组成含量。结果显示，室内燃煤和室内吸烟是室内环境中多环芳烃排放的主要污染源。同作为对照的室外大气中多环芳烃组成和含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环芳烃组成和含量的特征性。提出了室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室内烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征则与室外     

Unbalanced growth of Acinetobacter CS 13 in glucose-limited chemostats caused by sublethal CdCl2 concentrations

The marine cadmium-sensitive Acinetobacter CS 13 was grown in glucose-limited chemostats to study the chronic toxicity of CdCl₂. Addition of 25, 50 or 100 μg Cd²⁺ l^-1 caused disturbances of balanced growth. At the dilution rate (D) of 0.05 h^-1 the washout rate (A) became constant at 84, 78 or 66 h after addition of 25, 50 or 100 μg Cd²⁺ l^-1 The washout rates were calculated to be respectively 0.037 h^-1, 0.039 h^-1 and 0.077 h^-1. At D=0.1 h^-1, A became constant after 48, 42 and 36 h, and were the same as D for all three Cd concentrations. Acridine orange staining revealed that 99% of the cells fluoresced green (viable cells) and 1% red or orange (dead cells). However, under Cd stress the percentage of red and orange fluorescing cells increased up to 20%. At D=0.1 h^-1, viable and direct cell counts always gave the same result. At D=0.05 h^-1, however, viable cell counts were lower than direct cell counts after 2–3 d of Cd exposure. It is assumed that at D=0.05 h^-1, a part of the cells appearing green was already Cd injured, but the true yellowish green colour was not identified. Decreasing cell densities were accompanied by increasing glucose concentrations. Cells accumulated Cd (0–25 μg Cd²⁺ l^-1) in relation to exposure time and Cd concentration in the medium, but maximum Cd contents were the same, increasing from 5.5 or 5.7 μg g^-1 dry wt in the control to 15 μg g^-1 after 2–3 d (D=0.05 h^-1) or 16 μg g^-1 after 1–2 d (D=0.1 h^-1).     

城市空气颗粒物开放源理论与治理技术研究进展

城市空气颗粒物开放源已成为大气颗粒物的主要来源之一，它对改善我国城市空气环境质量具有重要意义。开放源是一种复合源类，具有源强不确定和排放不连续等特点。其所排放的主要污染物是扬尘。但目前只有少数的开放源类起尘量可以进行估算。国内外一般对城市空气颗粒物开放源的防治对策有生态环境综合整治或生态修复治理、湿法防尘、将堆放物用覆盖物覆盖或封闭储存等。     

纳米TiO2负载织物对室内空气中氨的净化

制备了纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)水分散液,并将其负载于织物表面,形成了具有光催化特性的纳米TiO2负载织物,然后使用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其进行了表征,利用自行设计的光催化反应器,对模拟室内混凝土释放的氨进行了光催化净化研究.重点考察了纳米TiO2水分散液用量、染料以及纤维种类等因素对净化性能的影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2负载织物在波长为365.5nm紫外光照射下对氨具有良好的净化作用,在整理时适当增加TiO2水分散液用量有利于提高氨的去除率,直接耐晒黑G(C.I.Direct Black 19)对纳米TiO2负载棉织物的氨气净化性能影响甚微,负载后纯棉织物的氨气净化性能显著高于涤/棉混纺织物.     

大气对人体硒、碘、氟的直接影响研究

对一个磷肥厂周围12个村庄的人发、粮食和饮水硒、碘、氟进行了测定,利用改进的模糊数学中的群体识别法对以上数据进行分析,所得结果表明,受污染较重的几个村庄人体硒、碘、氟含量确实受到来自磷肥厂的大气高浓度硒、碘、氟的直接影响.     

中国治污产业化机制构建设想——以渤海周边陆岸区域生态状况为案例

文章通过对锦州湾周边陆岸区域生态环境状况、重点排污企业周边状况及最新海域水质监测数据的考察和分析,了解到锦州湾海域周边的生态环境状况仍然十分严峻.究其原因,地方官员政绩评价机制、地方保护主义及行政综合治理不力等为诸多因素中的重要症结之所在.经过对环境管理相关理论和政策法规的梳理和分析,结合中国的现实状况,文章从市场经济原理出发,提出了治污产业化机制构建的设想.首次提出了将区域内的污染"资源化"的理念;将治污活动"产业化",以治污产业来抑制排污对生态环境的影响;并在此基础上建议在锦州湾海域及其陆岸周边建立治污产业化试点区,为中国其它区域的环境治理提供经验和帮助.     

Investigation of volatile methyl siloxanes in biogas and the ambient environment in a landfill

Landfill biogas is a potential alternative for fossil fuel,but the containing impurities,volatile methyl siloxanes(simplified as siloxanes),often cause serious problems in gas turbines when applied to generate electricity.In this research,a collecting and analyzing method based on solvent adsorption and purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was established to determine the siloxanes in biogas from a landfill in Jinan,China,and adjacent ambient samples,such as soil,air,and leachate of the landfill.The results showed that,octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane(D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(D5) accounted for 63% of total siloxanes;and without considering D4 and D5,the order of detected siloxanes in concentration was found relating to Gibbs free energies of molecules,namely that higher abundant siloxane(except for D4 and D5) usually had lower Gibbs free energy.Additionally,the mass ratio between D4 and octamethyltrisiloxane(L3) in the bio gas varied with different garbage age in landfills,possibly revealing the breaking-down of larger siloxane molecules with time.The samples,which were collected from environmental samples adjacent to the landfill,such as soil,water,and air,presented much higher siloxane level than urban or rural area away from landfills.The current H2 S scrubber of the landfill biogas could decrease the total siloxanes from 10.7 to 5.75 mg/m~3 due to Fe2 O3 and a refrigerant drier in a purification system and cyclic siloxanes were more easily removed than linear ones.     

不同替代修复年限对飞机草种群和本土植物群落结构的影响

为研究替代修复对飞机草的治理效果以及对本地植物群落结构的修复效应,选择修复3、5、10 a和未修复（CK）的飞机草入侵生境为研究对象,调查飞机草密度、盖度、生物量、基径和本土植物群落的物种多样性、盖度等指标,采用“空间代替时间”的方法,分析不同修复年限飞机草种群特征和本地植物群落结构的变化.结果表明:①随着修复年限的增加,飞机草密度、盖度、基径、生物量等指标均呈显著降低趋势;修复10 a后,飞机草的盖度、密度、生物量、基径相比对照分别降低了97.3%、96.5%、98.6%、85.7%,飞机草入侵得到明显控制.②在植被替代修复过程中,飞机草入侵生境的群落结构得到明显改善,草本层物种多样性呈先升后降再升的趋势,草本层盖度在修复3 a后显著升高随后又显著降低,灌木层和乔木层物种多样性和盖度均呈显著增加趋势.研究显示,替代修复能有效治理飞机草入侵,促进植物群落的正向演替,提高本地植物群落结构的稳定性,增强生态系统对外来物种入侵的抵抗力.      

大靖河径流变化特征及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应

流域径流变化及其影响因素的研究对流域水资源的可持续开发利用以及改善流域的生态环境具有重要意义。以大靖河流域1956—2016年水文气象数据为基础,分析了近61 a来大靖河径流的年内、年际变化特征,并定量评估了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明：大靖河径流年内分配不均,主要集中在7—10月,占全年径流的60.98%;1956年以来大靖河径流以1.1×10⁵ m³?a^?1的速率递减,Hurst指数为0.69,表明大靖河径流在未来一段时间将继续呈递减趋势;大靖河径流存在4个震荡周期,分别为2—5 a、8—13 a、17—24 a及35—45 a左右,降水的震荡周期（8—13 a、17—24 a及35—47 a）与径流周期具有较好的一致性;气候变化对大靖河径流减少的贡献率为4.7%,人类活动的贡献率为95.3%,这可能与研究区土地利用方式变化有关。