内蒙古呼和浩特市大气TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的健康风险评价

于2012—2013年6月和12月采集了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物样品,用GC-MS分析测定其中16种PAHs的浓度,并用苯并(a)芘(Ba P)致癌、致突变等效浓度、终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失3个指标评价了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的人群健康风险。结果显示:内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人、儿童的日均暴露剂量范围分别为0.71×10~(-6)~2.01×10~(-6)、0.45×10~(-6)~1.28×10~(-6)和0.31×10~(-6)~2.41×10~(-6)、0.19×10~(-6)~1.15×10~(-6)mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的终身致癌超额危险度范围分别为2.21×10~(-6)~6.24×10~(-6)、1.41×10~(-6)~3.97×10~(-6)和0.95×10~(-6)~7.47×10~(-6)、0.60×10~(-6)~4.75×10~(-6),终身致癌超额危险度均处于可接受水平范围内(10-4~10~(-6))。TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的预期寿命损失范围分别为13.74~38.78、8.752~24.70和5.88~46.39、3.74~29.54 min。     

宁夏回族自治区干旱致灾危险性时空变化特征

基于宁夏地区22个气象站1971-2011年月降水量和月平均气温资料,综合考虑降水和蒸发,引入标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),分析该地区气象干旱变化情况,并在此基础上通过构建SPEI值与干旱等级的加权综合评价模型,评估该地区干旱致灾危险性,剖析其时空变化特征。结果表明:宁夏地区气象干旱呈显著加重趋势,年均SPEI值1972-2011年以0.37·(10a)-1的速率显著减小;该地区气象干旱呈现自南向北逐渐加重的空间分布格局,且干旱加重速度呈现由中部干旱带向南北分别递增的空间变化特征。1972-2011年,宁夏地区干旱致灾危险性呈显著增大趋势,干旱致灾危险性指数近40年减小速率为0.12·(10a)-1;该地区干旱致灾危险性在空间分布上表现为北部引黄灌区高于中南部地区,且危险性的增速呈现中部较缓、南北较快的空间变化特征。     

污染源监督性监测中比对监测技术要求研究

为了加强环境监督管理,实现对重点监控企业的动态监控,《污染源自动监控管理办法》要求所有重点监控企业安装污染源自动监控设备.同时《国家重点监控企业污染源自动监控设施考核规程》中要求环境监测站对国家重点监控企业的污染源在线监测系统定期进行比对监测,在每季度进行污染源监督性监测的同时,采用标准方法对污染源在线监测系统进行比对监测,并根据监测的结果对污染源在线监测系统数据的有效性做出判断.     

Distribution of chlorpyrifos in rice paddy environment and its potential dietary risk

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most extensively used insecticides in China. The distribution and residues of chlorpyrifos in a paddy environment were characterized under field and laboratory conditions. The half-lives of chlorpyrifos in the two conditions were 0.9–3.8 days (field) and 2.8–10.3 days (laboratory), respectively. The initial distribution of chlorpyrifos followed the increasing order of water < straw < soil, and soil was characterized as the major absorber. The ultimate residues in rice grain were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) with a harvest interval of 14 days. The chronic exposure for chlorpyrifos was rather low compared to the acceptable daily intake (ADI = 0.01 mg/kg bw) due to rice consumption. The chronic exposure risk from chlorpyrifos in rice grain was 5.90% and 1.30% ADI from field and laboratory results respectively. Concerning the acute dietary exposure, intake estimated for the highest chlorpyrifos level did not exceed the acute reference dose (ARfD = 0.1 mg/kg bw). The estimated short-term intakes (ESTIs) were 0.78% and 0.25% of the ARfD for chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the use of chlorpyrifos in rice paddies was fairly safe for consumption of rice grain by consumers.     

Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tropical and subtropical regions (2000–2013)

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural (environmental) systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice, applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solid (TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid (TSS) (91.3%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (84.3%), and nitrogen (i.e., 80.7% for ammonium (NH)₄-N, 80.8% for nitrate (NO)₃-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen (TN)) as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) CWs removed TSS (84.9%), BOD (87.6%), and nitrogen (i.e., 66.2% for NH₄-N, 73.3% for NO₃-N, and 53.3% for TN) more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs (69.8%) showed better total phosphorus (TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs (60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD (70.7%), NH₄-N (63.6%), and TP (44.8%) to free water surface (FWS) CW systems.     

Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tropical and subtropical regions (2000-2013)

Constructed wetlands(CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural(environmental)systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice,applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) and total suspended solid(TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid(TSS)(91.3%), chemical oxygen demand(COD)(84.3%), and nitrogen(i.e.,80.7% for ammonium(NH)4-N, 80.8% for nitrate(NO)3-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen(TN))as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow(VSSF) CWs removed TSS(84.9%), BOD(87.6%), and nitrogen(i.e., 66.2% for NH4-N, 73.3% for NO3-N, and 53.3% for TN)more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow(HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs(69.8%)showed better total phosphorus(TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs(60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands(FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD(70.7%),NH4-N(63.6%), and TP(44.8%) to free water surface(FWS) CW systems.     

郑州市碳排放量现状与预测分析研究

郑州市是中原经济区核心城市,无论是在经济社会发展还是低碳节能方面都有示范效应,碳排放强度的有效下降对于城市减排具有重要的借鉴意义.通过系统测算2005年-2012年郑州市碳源排放量及碳汇吸收量,分析碳排放量、人均碳排放量及碳排放强度等现状,然后运用IPAT模型,对郑州市碳排放强度进行情景分析和预测.结果表明,郑州市有较大减排潜力,应在满足减排要求前提下,实现经济与环境的可持续发展.     

居住区生活垃圾源头分类计量系统示范研究

以浦东新区为例,分析不同居住区生活垃圾分类收运模式,利用称重技术建立居住区“干湿”分类源头计量系统示范工程,并对计量数据进行整理分析,为管理部门决策提供数据支撑和技术支撑.     

过程安全管理关键要素——测量和指标探讨

介绍了过程安全管理关键要素"测量和指标"的主要内容,探讨了过程安全绩效指标的重要性、原理、分级、设置和用途,并以变更管理为例列举了过程安全绩效指标示例,为过程安全绩效指标设置提供借鉴。     

实验室重金属废水处理研究

根据实验室废水中Hg2+和Cr3污染特点,以硫酸亚铁、硫化钠作为还原剂,将废水中的Cr6+还原为Cr3+,Hg2+和Cr3+以沉淀的形式混凝去除。分别考察pH值、反应时间及还原剂投加量对两种重金属去除率的影响,结果表明过低的反应时间不利于Cr6+和Hg2+的去除,pH2.0时,Cr6+和Hg2+的还原效率较高,FeSO4和Na2S加量分别在1 000 mg/L和667 mg/L时,Cr6+和Hg2+具有较高的去除效率。利用正交实验对污染物去除条件进行优化,结果表明,两种无机还原剂投加比例对铬、汞两种重金属离子的去除率影响大,pH值次之,反应时间对去除率的影响最小,在pH为2.0、FeSO4和Na2S加量分别在1 000 mg/L和667 mg/L,反应时间为30 min时,废水中Hg2+和Cr6+的去除率最高,分别达到98.23%、95.97%,处理后废水达到国家污水排放标准。