Effects of land use on water quality of two high-altitude lakes and catchments in Yunnan Province,China

SUMMARY

Reclaiming farmland from lakes in China in the 1950s damaged the water quality of many lakes. Tremendous efforts have been made since the late 1990s to restore vegetation around the damaged lakes. This paper examines water quality of Fuxian and Qilu Lakes and land-use characteristics within the two catchments in the high-altitude area of Yunnan Province, China. Landsat TM data acquired in 1989, 1994, 1999 and 2005 were used to extract land use and land cover (LULC) information. Measurements of five water quality indices (WQIs), BOD, COD, pH, TN and TP, for the same period of time were examined. The results showed that the area of residential and forest/shrub increased, whereas that of cropland and barren land decreased from 1989 to 2005 in both catchments. Qilu Lake was much more polluted than Fuxian Lake, and pollution worsened over time for both lakes. The differences in water quality between the two lakes were caused by differences in LULC composition and continued degradation in water quality was caused by intensive farming and urban sprawl. Unless the landscape is converted back to its pre-1950 composition and structure, water quality in both lakes cannot be significantly improved and will continue to threaten sustainable development in the region.     

Effects of humidity on minimum ignition energy of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures

The minimum ignition energy (MIE) is an important property for designing safety standards and understanding the ignition process of combustible mixtures. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures is measured using capacitive spark discharge. The effect of humidity on MIE is studied. It is shown that the MIE is not constant when the relative humidity increases from 40% to 88% at room temperature. The relative humidity has no significant influence on the MIE of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures at the lower volume fraction of gaseous epoxypropane in air. But, it has significant influence on that at the higher volume fraction. The MIEs of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures vary with the fraction of gaseous epoxypropane in air and the humidity. The lowest value of MIE (0.12 mJ) of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures is reached at around 10% in the examined ranges of the concentrations for the humidity 40%. The lowest values of MIE (0.1 mJ) of the mixtures are reached also at around 10% in the examined ranges of the concentrations for the humidity 66% and 88% respectively.     

稳定塔安全阀起跳原因分析及对策

当工艺操作参数波动较大时,尤其是在开工阶段,杨易造成稳定塔安全阀起跳.分析了安全阀起跳的原因,认为主要原因是稳定塔负荷过大及稳定塔塔顶温度过高,提出了相应的预防安全阀起跳的工艺控制措施.     

工程材料LCA中环境效益的分析与研究

论述了材料环境效益性的目标因素,详细分析产品材料在LCA中的环境效应性、能量消耗性和经济回收性;通过LCI分析建立环境效应、能量度量、经济度量的决策模型和数学模型实现材料环境效益性的目标;先整体定性分析LCA工艺,再定量计算环境效益的三属性值,建立目标函数、分层优化算法确定影响因子和相应的权重系数之间的关系以及对产品材料的环境效益性的影响,最后以家用小型风扇回收处理中各种材料环境效益性为例进行具体分析和决策,进一步明确和决策优化出环境效益性好的工程材料。     

天津市大气颗粒物污染特征与来源构成变化

对1985年、2001年和2011年天津市颗粒物的粒径、化学组分以及污染来源的变化趋势进行了对比分析. 结果表明:天津市PM₁₀中细粒子所占比重逐渐增加,由1985年的<0.51升至2011年的0.57. PM₁₀中化学组分发生了明显改变,主要组分由单一的地壳元素发展为二次粒子、碳和地壳元素并重,1985年以地壳元素(Si、Al、Mg、Ca等)为主要组分,2001年以TC、Si、SO₄2-、Al、Ca为主要组分,2011年主要组分除TC、Si、SO₄2-、Ca外,还新增了NO₃-. 各主要组分质量浓度及其占ρ(PM₁₀)比例的变化多样,ρ(Si)所占比例先显著下降后保持平稳,其由1985年的28.7%降至2011年7.6%;碳组分所占比例由2001年的24.9%降至2011年17.9%;二次粒子质量浓度〔即ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(NO₃-)之和〕所占比例由2001年的10.2%升至2011年的18.3%. 煤烟尘对天津市PM₁₀的分担率由1985年的45%降至2011年的22%,而开放源、二次粒子和机动车尾气尘对PM₁₀的分担率有所增加,三者分别由1985年的29%、6%和3%升至2011年的35%、16%和16%. 环境空气中对颗粒物有重要贡献的源类越来越多,颗粒物的污染特征由煤烟型过渡为混合型再过渡到复合型.      

A comparative study of particle size distribution from two oxygenated fuels and diesel fuel

Oxygenated fuels are known to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. In this study, 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel fuel (B100) and a blend of 10% acetal denoted by A-diesel with diesel fuel were tested as oxygenated fuels. Particle size and number distributions from a diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuels and base diesel fuel were measured using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). Measurements were made at ten steady-state operational modes of various loads at two engine speeds. It was found that the geometric mean diameters of particles from SME and Adiesel were lower than that from base diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, SME emitted more ultra-fine particles at rated speed while emitting less ultra-fine particles at maximum speed. Ultra-fine particle number concentrations of A-diesel were much higher than those of base diesel fuel at most test modes.     

Projecting the environmental profile of Singapore's landfill activities: Comparisons of present and future scenarios based on LCA

This article aims to generate the environmental profile of Singapore's Semakau landfill by comparing three different operational options associated with the life cycle stages of landfilling activities, against a 'business as usual' scenario. Before life cycle assessment or LCA is used to quantify the potential impacts from landfilling activities, an attempt to incorporate localized and empirical information into the amounts of ash and MSW sent to the landfill was made. A linear regression representation of the relationship between the mass of waste disposed and the mass of incineration ash generated was modeled from waste statistics between years 2004 and 2009. Next, the mass of individual MSW components was projected from 2010 to 2030. The LCA results highlighted that in a 'business as usual' scenario the normalized total impacts of global warming, acidification and human toxicity increased by about 2% annually from 2011 to 2030. By replacing the 8000-tonne barge with a 10000-tonne coastal bulk carrier or freighter (in scenario 2) a grand total reduction of 48% of both global warming potential and acidification can be realized by year 2030. Scenario 3 explored the importance of having a Waste Water Treatment Plant in place to reduce human toxicity levels - however, the overall long-term benefits were not as significant as scenario 2. It is shown in scenario 4 that the option of increased recycling championed over all other three scenarios in the long run, resulting in a total 58% reduction in year 2030 for the total normalized results. A separate comparison of scenarios 1-4 is also carried out for energy utilization and land use in terms of volume of waste occupied. Along with the predicted reductions in environmental burdens, an additional bonus is found in the expanded lifespan of Semakau landfill from year 2032 (base case) to year 2039. Model limitations and suggestions for improvements were also discussed.     

大气颗粒物源解析受体模型优化技术研究

针对大气颗粒物来源解析技术存在的2大问题:二次有机碳(SOC)对CMB模型的影响及源与受体不匹配程度对源成分谱共线性的影响,给出了解决方案.对于SOC影响的问题,提出从受体的角度扣除SOC,对CMB模型进行修正,降低SOC的影响;对于共线性问题,提出了PCA/MLR-CMB复合模型,复合模型首先进行PCA/MLR的解析,降低受体中未知源的影响,使得纳入CMB模型中的源和受体匹配程度大大提高,从而使得共线性源类能够得到理想的结果.     

粉煤灰处理印染废水新方法的探讨

研究粉煤灰处理印染废水方法,包括粉状粉煤灰直接吸附处理印染废水和颗粒粉煤灰处理印染废水,并且与颗粒活性炭处理印染废水进行对比试验。粉状粉煤灰处理后印染废水COD和色度都达到了GB4287-92《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》的一级排放标准,其中COD达DB21/1627-2008《辽宁省污水综合排放标准》。颗粒粉煤灰处理后的印染废水达GB4287-92的一级排放标准,但未达到DB21/1627-2008排放标准。在试验条件接近或相同的情况下,粉煤灰对COD值和色度值的处理效果均优于颗粒活性炭。     

Ultrastructure of pedal muscle as a function of temperature in nacellid limpets

Temperature and mitochondrial plasticity are well studied in fishes, but little is known about this relationship in invertebrates. The effects of habitat temperature on mitochondrial ultrastructure were examined in three con-familial limpets from the Antarctic (Nacella concinna), New Zealand (Cellana ornata), and Singapore (Cellana radiata). The effects of seasonal changes in temperature were also examined in winter and summer C. ornata. Stereological methods showed that limpet pedal myocytes were 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller in diameter (≈3.5 μm) than in vertebrates, and that the diameter did not vary as a function of temperature. Mitochondrial volume density (Vv_(mt,f)) was approximately 2–4 times higher in N. concinna (0.024) than in the other species (0.01 and 0.006), which were not significantly different from each other. Mitochondrial cristae surface density (Sv_(im,mt)) was significantly lower in summer C. ornata (24.1 ± 0.50 μm² μm⁻³) than both winter C. ornata (32.3 ± 0.95 μm² μm⁻³) and N. concinna (34.3 ± 4.43 μm² μm⁻³). The surface area of mitochondrial cristae per unit fibre volume was significantly higher in N. concinna, due largely to the greater mitochondrial volume density. These results and previous studies indicate that mitochondrial proliferation in the cold is a common, but not universal response by different species from different thermal habitats. Seasonal temperature decreases on the other hand, leading preferentially to an increase in cristae surface density. Stereological measures also showed that energetic reserves, i.e. lipid droplets and glycogen in the pedal muscle changed greatly with season and species. This was most likely related to gametogenesis and spawning.