A Superiority-Inferiority-Based Inexact Fuzzy Stochastic Programming Approach for Solid Waste Management Under Uncertainty

A superiority–inferiority-based inexact fuzzy stochastic programming (SI-IFSP) model was developed for planning municipal solid waste management systems under uncertainty. The SI-IFSP approach represents a new attempt to tackle multiple uncertainties in objective function coefficients which are beyond the capabilities of existing inexact programming methods. Through introducing the concept of fuzzy random boundary interval, SI-IFSP is capable of reflecting multiple uncertainties (i.e., interval values, fuzzy sets, probability distributions, and their combinations) in both the objective function and constraints, leading to enhanced system robustness. The developed SI-IFSP method was applied to a case study of long-term municipal solid waste management. Useful solutions were generated. A number of decision alternatives could be generated based on projected applicable conditions, reflecting the compromise between system optimality and reliability as well as the tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives. Moreover, the consequences of system violations could be quantified through introducing a set of economic penalties, reflecting the relationships between system costs and constraint violation risks. The results suggest that the proposed SI-IFSP method can explicitly address complexities in municipal solid waste management systems and is applicable to practical waste management problems.     

Characterization of lead-resistant river isolate Enterococcus faecalis and assessment of its multiple metal and antibiotic resistance

Contamination of surface waters has a direct impact on the public health of entire communities. Microorganisms inhabiting contaminated surface waters have developed mechanisms of coping with a variety of toxic metals and drugs. Investigations were carried out to isolate and identify lead-resistant bacteria from the river K?z?l?rmak along the city of K?r?kkale, Turkey. Of the 33 lead-resistant isolates, one isolate with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 1,200 mg?L^?1 was isolated and identified as Enterococcus faecalis by using biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Lead-resistant E. faecalis isolate was found out to be resistant to other heavy metals like aluminum, lithium, barium, chromium, iron, silver, tin, nickel, zinc, and strontium and to drugs like amikacin, aztreonam, and gentamicin. E. faecalis harbored four plasmids with the molecular sizes of 1.58, 3.06, 22.76, and 28.95 kb. Plasmid profile analyses of cured derivatives revealed that the lead resistance ability of E. faecalis was still existing despite the elimination of all the plasmids. Moreover, the antibiotic resistance pattern of the cured derivatives did not demonstrate any change from the parental strain. Our findings indicated that the lead resistance genes of E. faecalis were located on the chromosomal DNA rather than the plasmid.     

Seasonal variability of chlorophyll-a and oceanographic conditions in Sabah waters in relation to Asian monsoon—a remote sensing study

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of Asian monsoon on chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) content in Sabah waters and to identify the related oceanographic conditions that caused phytoplankton blooms at the eastern and western coasts of Sabah, Malaysia. A series of remote sensing measurements including surface Chl-a, sea surface temperature, sea surface height anomaly, wind speed, wind stress curl, and Ekman pumping were analyzed to study the oceanographic conditions that lead to large-scale nutrients enrichment in the surface layer. The results showed that the Chl-a content increased at the northwest coast from December to April due to strong northeasterly wind and coastal upwelling in Kota Kinabalu water. The southwest coast (Labuan water) maintained high concentrations throughout the year due to the effect of Padas River discharge during the rainy season and the changing direction of Baram River plume during the northeast monsoon (NEM). However, with the continuous supply of nutrients from the upwelling area, the high Chl-a batches were maintained at the offshore water off Labuan for a longer time during NEM. On the other side, the northeast coast illustrated a high Chl-a in Sandakan water during NEM, whereas the northern tip off Kudat did not show a pronounced change throughout the year. The southeast coast (Tawau water) was highly influenced by the direction of the surface water transport between the Sulu and Sulawesi Seas and the prevailing surface currents. The study demonstrates the presence of seasonal phytoplankton blooms in Sabah waters which will aid in forecasting the possible biological response and could further assist in marine resource managements.     

重金属离子对黑根霉菌生长抑制作用微量热研究

用微量热法测定了Cu~(2+),Cd~(2+),Hg~(2+),Pb~(2+)等四种重金属离子对黑根霉菌生长抑制的产热曲线,得到了黑根霉菌在不同条件下的生长速率常数k,抑制率I,半抑制浓度IC_(50)等参数。实验结果表明,抑制顺序为:Cd~(2+)>Hg~(2+)>Pb~(2+)>Cu~(2+);半抑制浓度分别为:Cd~(2+)0.8μg·ml~(-1);Hg~(2+)1.7μg·ml~（-1）;Pb~（2+）48.0μg·ml~(-1);Cu~(2+)110.0μg·ml~(-1)。     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅶ.丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中水流阻力的变化及其分布规律

依据田间实测资料,运用水流的电模拟原理,定且分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树（荔枝、芒果和龙眼）-大气连续体中水流阻力各分量的大小、变化规律及其相对重要性．结果表明,连续体中的水流阻力主要分布于从叶气孔腔到大气的扩散过程,荔枝、芒果、龙眼叶-气系统的水流阻力Rla占连续体水流总阻力Rsa的比例分别为93.65％～98.03、95.68％～99.03％、90.13％～98.71％;果树植株体的水流阻力Rp居其次,占Rsa的比例分别为1．97％～6．35％、0.97％～4.32％、0．08％～9．87％：土壤阻力Rs最小,占Rsa的比例小到可忽略不计,故叶-气系统的水流阻力是决定连缤体中水流速率的重要因素．     

广东坡地红壤颗粒组成状况的研究──Ⅰ.土壤颗粒组成的特征

本文对广东坡地红壤颗粒组成的特征进行了初步研究、结果表明;广东坡地红壤较粗颗粒的矿物组成以轻矿物石英为主;粘粒的矿物组成一般以1：1高岭土为主;在粘粒的化学组成中,盐基淋失严重,铁铝氧化物聚积：颗粒大小分布主要受成土母质的影响。     

Determination of the herbicide fluroxypyr in oil matrices

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for the determination of fluroxypyr (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluro2-pyridyloxyacetic acid) residue in palm oil namely crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). The method involves the extraction of the herbicide from the oil matrix followed by low temperature precipitation and finally quantification of the residues using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extraction efficiency of the method was evaluated by conducting recovery studies. The recovery of fluroxypyr from the fortified CPO samples ranged from 78%-111% with the relative values for the coefficient of variation ranging from 1.4 to 8.6%. Furthermore, the recovery of fluroxypyr from the spiked CPKO samples ranged from 91-107% with the relative values for the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.6 to 4.5%. The minimum detection limit of fluroxypyr in CPO and CPKO was 0.05 microg/g. The method was used to determine fluroxypyr residues from the field-treated samples of CPO and CPKO. When fluroxypyr was used for weed control in oil palm plantations no residue was detected in CPO and CPKO irrespective of the sampling interval and the dosage applied at the recommended or double the manufacturer's recommended dosage.     

GIS支持下的锡林郭勒盟旱灾救灾区划初探

基于自然灾害系统理论,构建内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的旱灾评价系统模式,表明灾情是致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体综合作用的产物。以锡林郭勒盟的旱灾程度、救灾等级、备灾能力（经济水平与社会状况）、应急能力（物资储备及物流通达水平）、恢复能力（恢复与重建）等重要指标为核心,对锡林郭勒盟的旱灾灾前、灾中、灾后三个阶段的响应能力进行评价与地域划分,并与锡林郭勒盟的旱灾等级区划相结合,构建了灾害-响应程度模型。     

外源硫酸盐对武汉南湖表层沉积物磷形态的作用

采用室内模拟实验,选取武汉市南湖表层沉积物及相应上覆水,研究了硫酸盐的输入对沉积物磷形态的影响.结果表明,硫酸盐输入水体后提高了沉积物磷的迁移活性,导致上覆水中总磷(TP)、溶解性正磷酸盐(SRP)含量升高,上升幅度随硫酸盐输入量的增加而增加.硫酸盐扩散到沉积物后,先是生成酸可挥发性硫(AVS),进而转变成铬还原硫.硫酸盐输入提高了沉积物pH值,而使Eh降低.沉积物不同磷形态对外源硫酸盐的响应有所差异,二钙磷(Ca2-P)含量随输入硫酸盐浓度的增加而增加,含量最高的铁磷(Fe-P)为800mg/kg左右,占总磷的51.4%~56.6%,受硫酸盐的影响极显著(P<0.01),在沉积物中含量降低而向上覆水中释放.上覆水中溶解性铁和TP、SRP均呈显著正相关.硫酸盐对沉积物中闭蓄态铁磷(O-Fe-P)也产生显著影响(P < 0.05),总体而言是促进其释放.     

应用环境舱研究室内混凝土墙体中氨的释放规律

采用环境舱模拟研究了随温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)和空气交换率(AER)变化墙体试块中氨的释放规律,并将现场实验结果与环境舱的模拟实验结果进行对比.研究发现:T和RH一定,随着AER的增大,舱内氨气平衡浓度下降,氨气挥发速率和完全释放时间呈现出一定的规律性;AER和RH一定,舱内氨气平衡浓度和挥发速率随T升高而变大,完全释放时间减小;与AER和T相比,RH对氨气释放的影响有限;通过与现场通风实验和浓度监测结果比较,考虑到室内墙体老化时间等因素,环境舱实验与实际住宅测试得到的结论基本一致.在一般的情况下,使用含尿素防冻剂的住宅,其墙体中氨释放完全大约需要10～32年.