3种喹诺酮类抗生素在骆马湖饮用水源地沉积物上的吸附特征

为探究喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)在饮用水源地的吸附特征,2019年6月于江苏骆马湖饮用水源地采集沉积物样品,用5种动力学方程拟合沉积物对诺氟沙星(NOR)、环丙沙星(CIP)和氧氟沙星(OFL)的吸附动力学过程,并用Langmuir和Freundlich模型拟合以上3种QNs的吸附热力学过程,分析了pH、水土比和不同Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Al~(3+)浓度对吸附过程的影响。结果表明:骆马湖沉积物对3种QNs的吸附在8h达到平衡,准二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型能更好地描述3种QNs的吸附动力学和热力学过程。酸性条件下,3种QNs的吸附效果更好,且在pH=5时平衡吸附量最大。平衡吸附量随着水土比的上升而下降。Na~+对吸附的抑制作用不明显,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的抑制作用较强,而Al~(3+)对吸附表现为促进作用。应在枯水期和南水北调时期加强对骆马湖饮用水源地(尤其是东北部)QNs污染的关注。     

水洗碳氢溶剂废气的废水生物降解效能及影响因素研究

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)/连续搅拌反应器(CSTR)组合工艺,通过构建共基质体系对水洗碳氢溶剂废气的废水(简称水洗废水)进行处理研究,探讨了共基质体系可行性,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)、硝化液回流比(R,%)、COD和氨氮质量比(C/N)、pH等对水洗废水处理效率的影响。结果表明:(1)共基质体系对去除水洗废水中难降解有机物效果显著。水洗废水占总废水的体积分数≤60%时共代谢效果最佳,COD平均去除率高于84%,氮污染物的去除受该体系影响小。(2)HRT=12h时碳污染物去除效果最佳,COD平均去除率为89.40%。较长的HRT利于脱氮,HRT=24h时氨氮平均去除率达98%,平均出水氨氮为0.87mg/L。R=300%(体积分数)时碳氮污染物去除效果最优。(3)C/N=10时组合装置对废水的脱氮除碳性能最好,COD、总有机碳(TOC)、氨氮和TN平均去除率分别为87.93%、93.11%、95.94%和77.29%。除碳最适pH为6.7,脱氮偏好碱性环境(pH=8.6)。     

1961~2017年中国不同等级寒冷天气日数时空演变特征

基于气象行业的“寒冷程度等级”,采用1961~2017年中国545个日值最低气温站点数据,从气候态特征、变化趋势和波动特征3个方面分析近57年来中国不同寒冷天气日数时空演变特征。结果表明：（1）1961~2017年中国寒冷天气日数随着寒冷等级降低而逐渐增多。其中极寒和严寒天气日数仅分布在高纬度、高海拔地区。随着寒冷等级降低,寒冷天气日数逐渐向南方发展。（2）1961~2017年中国不同等级寒冷天气日数变化趋势具有各自不同的空间分异特征。高等级寒冷天气日数以减少趋势为主,且主要集中在高纬度、高海拔地区;随着寒冷等级降低,寒冷天气日数呈增加和减少趋势的范围不断增加。1991~2017年的高等级寒冷天气日数变化趋势相比1961~1990年偏小;随着寒冷等级增高,趋势偏大的地区不断增多。（3）1961~2017年中国高等级寒冷天气日数在高纬度、高海拔地区波动较大;随着寒冷等级降低,寒冷天气日数波动较大的地区逐渐向南方发展,且呈现出南方波动大、北方波动小的特征。中低等级寒冷天气日数波动差异特征分别集中在长江流域地区和南方沿海沿边地区。高等级寒冷天气日数波动差异特征则主要集中于高纬度、高海拔地区。     

宁东地区主动配电网建设的规划思路

近年来,配电网中分布式能源、电动汽车等负荷的接入率越来越高,配电网的网络架构和功能趋于复杂,在电网运行中带来不少问题。基于泛在电力物联网的新形势下,对宁夏宁东地区分布式电源、电动汽车等负荷的接入以及宁东基地用户侧的用电特点进行分析,提出主动配电网建设的思路及初步治理措施,对宁东地区“十四五”电网规划建设具有一定的现实意义和参考价值。     

落地油泥土壤性质对超声除油效果的影响

落地油泥是油田产生的一类危险固体废弃物,其无害化处理是目前各大油田所面临的重大挑战之一。为了深入认识超声处理过程中油泥土壤性质与超声处理除油效果之间的关系,以不同油田典型落地油泥为研究对象,超声处理后对其土壤残留含油量、土壤颗粒级配、土壤化学组成等进行分析。结果表明:油泥中土壤颗粒粒径较大的大庆、大港落地油泥经超声处理后的除油效果均在60%以上,而土壤颗粒粒径较小的冀东落地油泥超声除油率仅为11%;同时,超声除油效果较好的大庆、大港落地油泥中的钙氧化物含量较低(分别为4.84%和5.94%),而超声除油效果差的冀东落地油泥中的钙氧化物含量较高(11.57%)。进一步的模拟实验结果表明,钙氧化物含量高的土壤对原油的吸附量大、吸附强度高、超声除油效果差,而钙氧化物含量低的土壤吸附量小、吸附强度低、超声除油效果好。以上结果可为油田落地油泥超声处理技术的开发及规模化应用提供指导。     

Eco-Environmental Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.     

Hyperspectral Characteristics of Canopy Components and Structure for Phenological Assessment of an Invasive Weed

Spectral reflectance values of four canopy components (stems, buds, opening flowers, and postflowers of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)) were measured to describe their spectral characteristics. We then physically combined these canopy components to simulate the flowering stage indicated by accumulated flower ratios (AFR) 10%, 40%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. Spectral dissimilarity and spectral angles were calculated to quantitatively identify spectral differences among canopy components and characteristic patterns of these flowering stages. This study demonstrated the ability of hyperspectral data to characterize canopy components, and identify different flowering stages. Stems had a typical spectral profile of green vegetation, which produced a spectral dissimilarity with three reproduction organs (buds, opening flowers, and postflowers). Quantitative differences between simulated flower stages depended on spectral regions and phenological stages examined. Using full-range canopy spectra, the initial flowering stage could be separated from the early peak, peak, and late flowering stages by three spectral regions, i.e. the blue absorption (around 480 nm) and red absorption (around 650 nm) regions and NIR plateau from 730 nm to 950 nm. For airborne CASI data, only the red absorption region and NIR plateau could be used to identify the flowering stages in the field. This study also revealed that the peak flowering stage was more easily recognized than any of the other three stages.     

Comparison of Nitrate Levels in Raw Water and Finished Water from Historical Monitoring Data on Iowa Municipal Drinking Water Supplies

Nitrate contamination of water sources is a concern where large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are regularly applied to soils. Ingested nitrate from dietary sources and drinking water can be converted to nitrite and ultimately to N-nitroso compounds, many of which are known carcinogens. Epidemiologic studies of drinking water nitrate and cancer report mixed findings; a criticism is the use of nitrate concentrations from retrospective drinking water data to assign exposure levels. Residential point-of-use nitrate data are scarce; gaps in historical data for municipal supply finished water hamper exposure classification efforts. We used generalized linear regression models to estimate and compare historical raw water and finished water nitrate levels (1960s--1990s) in single source Iowa municipal supplies to determine whether raw water monitoring data could supplement finished water data to improve exposure assessment. Comparison of raw water and finished water samples (same sampling date) showed a significant difference in nitrate levels in municipalities using rivers; municipalities using other surface water or alluvial groundwater had no difference in nitrate levels. A regional aggregation of alluvial groundwater municipalities was constructed based on results from a previous study showing regional differences in nitrate contamination of private wells; results from this analysis were mixed, dependent upon region and decade. These analyses demonstrate using historical raw water nitrate monitoring data to supplement finished water data for exposure assessment is appropriate for individual Iowa municipal supplies using alluvial groundwater, lakes or reservoirs. Using alluvial raw water data on a regional basis is dependent on region and decade.     

基于CA的城市形态扩展多解模拟——以北京市东部平原区情景分析为例

构建了一个基于人工神经网络的约束型城市扩展CA模型。利用该模型,预测了北京市东部平原区在3种情景规划之下的未来50年的城市形态,为不同的城市发展模式之间的比较分析奠定基础。然后以2024年的北京东部平原区模拟城市形态为基准,从自然生态功效、社会服务功效、经济利益功效3个方面对3种规划模式进行了情景分析,从而系统的比较了3种规划模式的复合生态功效,为城市规划决策提供有力的支持。     

The dynamic changes of arsenic biotransformation and bioaccumulation in muscle of freshwater food fish crucian carp during chronic dietborne exposure

Dietary uptake is the major way that inorganic arsenic (iAs) enters into benthic fish; however, the metabolic process of dietborne iAs in fish muscle following chronic exposure remains unclear. This was a 40-day study on chronic dietborne iAs [arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV)] exposure in the benthic freshwater food fish, the crucian carp (Carassius auratus), which determined the temporal profiles of iAs metabolism and toxicokinetics during exposure. We found that an adaptive response occurred in the fish body after iAs dietary exposure, which was associated with decreased As accumulation and increased As transformation into a non-toxic As form (arsenobetaine). The bioavailability of dietary AsIII was lower than that of AsV, probably because AsIII has a lower ability to pass through fish tissues. Dietary AsV exhibited a high potential for transformation into AsIII species, which then accumulated in fish muscle. The largely produced AsIII considered more toxic at the earlier stage of AsV exposure should attract sufficient attention to human exposure assessment. Therefore, the pristine As species and exposure duration had significant effects on As bioaccumulation and biotransformation in fish. The behavior determined for dietborne arsenic in food fish is crucial for not only arsenic ecotoxicology but also food safety.