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431.
Boyero L Pearson RG Dudgeon D Graça MA Gessner MO Albariño RJ Ferreira V Yule CM Boulton AJ Arunachalam M Callisto M Chauvet E Ramírez A Chará J Moretti MS Gonçalves JF Helson JE Chará-Serna AM Encalada AC Davies JN Lamothe S Cornejo A Li AO Buria LM Villanueva VD Zúñiga MC Pringle CM 《Ecology》2011,92(9):1839-1848
Most hypotheses explaining the general gradient of higher diversity toward the equator are implicit or explicit about greater species packing in the tropics. However, global patterns of diversity within guilds, including trophic guilds (i.e., groups of organisms that use similar food resources), are poorly known. We explored global diversity patterns of a key trophic guild in stream ecosystems, the detritivore shredders. This was motivated by the fundamental ecological role of shredders as decomposers of leaf litter and by some records pointing to low shredder diversity and abundance in the tropics, which contrasts with diversity patterns of most major taxa for which broad-scale latitudinal patterns haven been examined. Given this evidence, we hypothesized that shredders are more abundant and diverse in temperate than in tropical streams, and that this pattern is related to the higher temperatures and lower availability of high-quality leaf litter in the tropics. Our comprehensive global survey (129 stream sites from 14 regions on six continents) corroborated the expected latitudinal pattern and showed that shredder distribution (abundance, diversity and assemblage composition) was explained by a combination of factors, including water temperature (some taxa were restricted to cool waters) and biogeography (some taxa were more diverse in particular biogeographic realms). In contrast to our hypothesis, shredder diversity was unrelated to leaf toughness, but it was inversely related to litter diversity. Our findings markedly contrast with global trends of diversity for most taxa, and with the general rule of higher consumer diversity at higher levels of resource diversity. Moreover, they highlight the emerging role of temperature in understanding global patterns of diversity, which is of great relevance in the face of projected global warming. 相似文献
432.
Hatchery rearing of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus has resulted in successive generations of scallops not exposed to predators that are less sensitive to and escape more slowly
from predators than wild scallops. The present study examined whether conditioning hatchery-reared A. purpuratus to its natural predator, the sea star Meyenaster gelatinosus, improved its escape responses. Both juvenile and adult A. purpuratus from Tongoy Bay, Chile, were exposed for 7 days to different conditions: (1) continuous predator odor, (2) predator contact
for 30 min three times a day, (3) a combination of the two previous conditions, and (4) no exposure to the predator (control).
After conditioning, we evaluated scallop’s escape responses: reaction time, total clap number, duration of the clapping response,
clapping rate, and the time scallops spent closed when exhausted. Conditioning with contact and odor plus contact (i.e., high
predation risk) resulted in 25 and 50% shorter reaction times of juveniles and adults, respectively. Further, these stimuli
caused juveniles to increase the number of claps and clapping rate. For adults, the time spent closed after exhaustion decreased
by 50 and 63% after conditioning with contact and odor plus contact, respectively. Therefore, it is shown for the first time
that exposure of scallops to increasing predator stimuli enhances escape responses, evidence of threat-sensitive predator
avoidance. 相似文献
433.
Núñez-Vázquez EJ Tovar-Ramírez D Heredia-Tapia A Ochoa JL 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2011,32(4):407-412
A Microcoleus chthonoplastes strain SC7B9002-1 isolated from microbial mats in tidal channels from San Carlos, Baja California Sur, Mexico was subjected to short- (15 days) and long-term (2 years) conservation assays in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) using cryoprotective agents, such as 5% DMSO, 20% PVP-40, and 20% glycerol. Survival rate, chlorophyll a, protein, and nucleic acids content were observed in each case. Interesting growth and a significant increase in protein content was observed when no cryoprotectant was used during liquid nitrogen immersion. In the absence of a cryoprotectant, M. chthonoplastes lost their typical shape resembled spheroplasts, and recovery cultivation times after freezing were 5 and 25 days (short and long-term, respectively). Recovery from long-term preservation with 5% DMSO took 15 days. PVP and glycerol did not allow recovery of viable cells. The survival of M. chthonoplastes to freezing without cryoprotectant and the adaptive mechanisms that allow surviving under freezing conditions are discussed. 相似文献
434.
Jesús M. Avilés Deseada Parejo Juan Rodríguez 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(8):1549-1557
In altricial birds, resource allocation during early developmental stages is the result of an interaction between parental
feeding decisions and scramble competition between nestmates. Hatching asynchrony in birds leads to a pronounced age hierarchy
among their offspring. Therefore, whenever parents exert control over resource allocation parents feeding asynchronous broods
should simultaneously assess individual offspring internal condition and age. In this study, we first studied whether the
highly ultraviolet (UV) reflective body skin of nestlings in the asynchronous European Roller (Coracias garrulus; roller hereafter) relates to nestling quality. In a second stage, we experimentally studied parental biases in food allocation
towards senior and junior sibling rollers in relation to a manipulation of UV reflectance of the skin of their offspring.
Heavier roller nestlings had less brilliant and less UV saturated skins than weaker nestlings. In our experiment, we found
that parents with large broods preferentially fed nestlings presenting skin coloration revealing small body size (i.e. control
nestlings) over nestlings presenting skin coloration revealing large body size (i.e. UV-blocked nestlings). Within the brood,
we found that parental food allocation strategy depended on nestling age: parents preferentially fed senior nestlings signalling
small body size, but did not show preference between control and UV-blocked junior nestlings. These results emphasise that
parent rollers use UV cues of offspring quality while balancing the age of their offspring to adjust their feeding strategies,
and suggest that parents may adopt finely tuned strategies of control over resource allocation in asynchronous broods. 相似文献
435.
Bigliardi Ana Paula dos Santos Marina Fernandes Caroline Lopes Feijo Garcia Edariane Menestrino dos Santos Marcelli Evans Telles Jones Marcus Herbert Soares Maria Cristina Flores Baisch Ana Luíza Muccillo da Silva Júnior Flavio Manoel Rodrigues 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(31):46803-46812
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Coal mining and burning activities in coal-fired power plants are among the most polluting activities in developing countries. In Brazil, the Candiota... 相似文献
436.
Hernández-Padilla Eyden S. Zárate-Guzmán Ana I. González-Ortega Omar Padilla-Ortega Erika Gómez-Durán Azael Delgado-Sánchez Pablo Aguilar-Aguilar Angélica Cortés Farid B. Ocampo-Pérez Raúl 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(18):26297-26311
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this work, the potential of activated carbon to remove caffeic and chlorogenic acids in aqueous solution was investigated. The study focused on... 相似文献
437.
de Araujo Leandro Goulart Vieira Ludmila Cabreira Canevesi Rafael Luan Sehn da Silva Edson Antonio Watanabe Tamires de Padua Ferreira Rafael Vicente Marumo Júlio Takehiro 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(30):45221-45229
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The main goal of this study was to assess alternatives to the current challenges on environmental quality and circular economy. The former is here... 相似文献
438.
Honscha Laiz Coutelle Penteado Julia Oliveira de Sá Gama Valério da Silva Bonifácio Alícia Aikawa Priscila dos Santos Marina Baisch Paulo Roberto Martins Muccillo-Baisch Ana Luíza da Silva Júnior Flavio Manoel Rodrigues 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(10):14176-14184
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Coal exploration and burning activities are among the activities with the greatest potential to cause atmospheric pollution due to the combustion... 相似文献
439.
Barral Noemí Maleki Mohammad Madani Nasser Cánovas Manuel Husillos Raúl Castillo Elena 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(57):86077-86091
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Water stored in open-pit lakes can be a water resource when the mine is closed. This study aimed to develop a reliable model to evaluate the water... 相似文献
440.
Curbani Franciane Entringer Lacerda Kaio Calmon Curbani Flávio Barreto Fernando Túlio Camilo Tadokoro Carlos Eduardo Chacaltana Julio Tomás Aquije 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2022,27(2):233-249
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - Subtropical estuaries such as the Vitória Island Estuarine System (VIES), located on the central coast of Brazil, are under strong anthropic pressure.... 相似文献