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211.
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment in Italy: Causes, Occurrence, Effects and Control 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Zuccato E Castiglioni S Fanelli R Reitano G Bagnati R Chiabrando C Pomati F Rossetti C Calamari D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):15-21
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.004
Background, Aim and Scope Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is an emerging issue. Until recently, information on medicinal substances
released into the environment was scant, but several studies have now been published. Data are, however, usually scattered
and a systematic approach to this subject is generally lacking. Moreover, because of differences in the prevalence of diseases,
treatment habits and options, or simply for market reasons, the pollution profile can differ significantly in different countries.
The aim of this work is to review the papers dealing with environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals in Italy, with the
aim of providing a comprehensive view on a national scale.
Methods Papers related to environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals in Italy were reviewed, in order to offer a comprehensive
view of this subject. Topics included analysis, occurrence, monitoring, modelling, treatment, control of the emissions, and
ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
Results and Conclusion The literature suggests that pharmaceuticals are widespread contaminants, entering the environment from a myriad of scattered
points. Patients, in case of drugs for human use, or animals for veterinary drugs, are the main sources of contamination.
Pharmaceuticals can be ranked according to environmental loads, predicted by multiplying sales figures by the rate of metabolism
in man or animals. Priority pharmaceuticals, i.e. the molecules of concern for the environment, can be measured in waste and
surface water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the loads detected are generally comparable to the predicted
ones. Pharmaceuticals are designed to stimulate a response in humans and animals at low doses, with a very specific target,
so the implications for human health and the environment need to be assessed. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that pharmaceutical
principles, taken singularly or in combinations, and concentrations close to those detected in the environment, may have ecotoxicological
effects. The sewage system is an important point in the control of contamination, but sewage treatment plants are not able
efficiently to abate a substantial part of water-borne pharmaceuticals. Several variables play a role, however, in the processes
of waste water treatment, and could be specifically adjusted to improve the efficiency of drug abatement, mitigating the potential
environmental hazards.
Recommendation and Perspective Pharmaceuticals in the environment are becoming a subject of global concern, with potential environmental consequences. Further
knowledge of the causes, occurrence and effects of drugs as environmental pollutants is necessary for a better understanding
of this ecological issue, as well as to improve abatement strategies, and to mitigate subtle environmental consequences. 相似文献
212.
Analysis of Mosses and Soils for Quantifying Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sicily: A Multivariate and Spatial Analytical Approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gramatica P Battaini F Giani E Papa E Jones RJ Preatoni D Cenci RM 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):28-36
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.006
Background The use of vegetal organisms as indicators of contamination of the environment is partially replacing traditional monitoring
techniques. Amongst the vegetal organisms available, mosses appear to be good bioindicators and are used for monitoring anthropogenic
and natural fall-out on soils. This study has two objectives: the evaluation of the concentrations of heavy metals in soils
and mosses of the Sicily Region, in Italy and the identification of the origin of fall-out of heavy metals.
Methods Mosses and the surface soil were sampled at 28 sites, only the youngest segments of Hylocomium splendens and Hypnum cupressiforme,
corresponding to the plant tissues produced during the last 3 years, were taken. The elements Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were analysed
by ICP-MS and Hg by AAS. Statistical analysis was by PCA and spatial representation by GIS.
Results and Discussion In the mosses sampled in Sicily, the highest concentrations of Cd were found around the cities of Palermo and Messina. The
highest concentrations of Hg were recorded in the northern part of the island between Trapani and Messina, similar to the
distribution of Cu. Different areas with the highest concentrations of Ni were found near the south coast, in the vicinity
of Palermo and around the Volcano Etna. The highest concentrations of Pb were found in the south-west coast near Agrigento,
where important chemical plants and petroleum refineries are located. Except for a few locations, Zn fall-out was found to
be evenly distributed throughout Sicily.
Conclusion The sites where the concentrations of heavy metals cause greatest concern have been revealed by the PCA analysis and portrayed
using GIS. Also of some concern is the diffuse and anthropogenic origin of Hg and Cd. The combined approach of using soil
and mosses, together with pedological interpretation and application of multivariate statistical techniques has provided valuable
insight into the environmental aspects of heavy metal deposition in a region of southern Europe.
Recommendations and Outlook Further insight into the deposition of heavy metals will require more detailed sampling of soils and mosses in both new and
previous study areas. This needs to be complemented by detailed pedological investigations in the study areas. Future research
programmes will address these issues. 相似文献
213.
Belviso Claudia Montano Pietro Lettino Antonio Toschi Francesco Lambertini Vito Guido Veca Antonino D. Moschetto Elisabetta Cavalcante Francesco Guarnaccio Ambra 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2021,23(3):965-975
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In this work, the effectiveness of a rapid recycling method of waste polypropylene (WPP) with the addition of inorganic fillers was investigated.... 相似文献
214.
van Stralen Joost N. P. Dalla Longa Francesco Daniëls Bert W. Smekens Koen E. L. van der Zwaan Bob 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2021,26(6):873-889
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - This article introduces and describes OPERA, a new technology-rich bottom-up energy system optimization model for the Netherlands. We give a detailed... 相似文献
215.
Francesco?Dotto Alessio?FarcomeniEmail authorView authors OrcID profile 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2018,25(1):53-69
We present a generalized Chao (GC) estimator based on a subject-occasion-specific design matrix. We then extend the GC estimator to (i) external information, in the form of non-linear constraints on subpopulation sizes and (ii) measurement error. For the first, we propose a reparameterization of the estimating equations. As a result, the constrained MLE can be found with no additional computational efforts. For the second we generalize SIMEX procedure to multiple measurement methods. In simulation we show that (even incorrect) external information can substantially decrease the MSE. We illustrate with an application to a whale shark (Rhincodon typus) population, where mostly jouvenile males are observed. We use external information on gender ratio of whale sharks to correct for low catchability of females, and our multivariate SIMEX procedure to correct for measurement error in assessment of shark length. The resulting population size estimates are about 60% larger than the unconstrained–uncorrected counterparts. 相似文献
216.
Using Fallout Lead-210 Measurements to Estimate Soil Erosion in Three Small Catchments in Southern Italy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paolo Porto Des E. Walling Giovanni Callegari Francesco Catona 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2006,6(5-6):657-667
Soil erosion and associated off-site environmental impacts have attracted increasing attention in recent decades, and there
is a growing need for reliable information on rates of soil loss. The potential for using 137Cs fallout to quantify rates and patterns of soil redistribution over medium-term timescales (ca. 45 years) has been successfully
demonstrated in a wide range of environments around the world. The similar behaviour of fallout 210Pb in soils offers potential for its use as an alternative to 137Cs, in areas where 137Cs inventories are low or are complicated by additional fallout from the Chernobyl accident. There have, however, to date
been few attempts to validate the use of fallout 210Pb measurements for assessing erosion rates. This paper reports an attempt to explore the use of fallout 210Pb to estimate rates of water-induced soil erosion on uncultivated land. It focuses on three small forest/rangeland catchments
located in Calabria, southern Italy, for which measurements of sediment output are available. Comparison of the estimates
of net soil loss from the catchments derived from 210Pb measurements with the measured sediment output, confirmed the validity of the 210Pb approach. The soil redistribution rates estimated using 210Pb measurements were also consistent with equivalent estimates obtained for the same study catchments using 137Cs measurements. 相似文献
217.
We present in this work preliminary results on the translocation of copper, manganese and iron from soil to leaves of Sambucus nigra L. seedlings in the presence of increasing copper concentrations in the growth medium. The use of electron spin resonance spectroscopy and the comparison with atomic absorption spectroscopy is not presently common in the study of metal absorption in plants. This approach gave promising results both on the detection of some metal ions, as well as of radical species related to the presence of Cu2+ in plant tissues. Copper was found to act synergistically in manganese uptake. 相似文献
218.
Simulating pesticide leaching and runoff in rice paddies with the RICEWQ-VADOFT model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Miao Z Cheplick MJ Williams MW Trevisan M Padovani L Gennari M Ferrero A Vidotto F Capri E 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(6):2189-2199
There is a current need to simulate leaching and runoff of pesticide from rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddies for assessing environmental impacts on a valuable agricultural system. The objective of this study was to develop a model for determining predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in soil, runoff, and ground water through the linkage of two models, rice water quality model (RICEWQ) and vadose zone transport model (VADOFT), to simulate pesticide fate and transport within a rice paddy and underlying soil profile. Model performance was evaluated with a field data set obtained from a 2-yr field experiment in 1997 and 1998 in northern Italy. The predictions of amount of pesticide running off from the paddy field and accumulating in the paddy sediment were in agreement with measured values. Leaching into the vadose zone accounted for approximately 19% of the applied dose, but only a small amount of chemical (<0.1%) was predicted to reach ground water at a 5-m depth due to sorption and transformation in the soil. The permeability of the soil and the water management practices in the paddy field were shown to have a strong influence on pesticide fate. These factors need to be well characterized in the field if model predictions are to be successful. The combined model developed in this work is an effective tool for exposure assessments for soil, surface water, and ground water, in the particular conditions of rice cultivation. 相似文献
219.
Francesco Frangialli 《生态毒理学报》2002,(4):4
国际生态旅游年表明联合国认识到了生态旅游在社会和经济方面的重要性 . 联合国大会希望 让政府和国际社会注意到生态旅游对自然环境、生物多样性保护以及当地的社会和文化结构 的潜在影响 ( 正面的和负面的 ) . 世界旅游组织 ( WTO) 正在和联合国环境署 ( UNEP) 、其他 国际机构和地区机构及其成员国、会员和其他团体一起协调一系列活动 - - 作为国际生态旅 游年 ( IYE) 的准备以及在国际生态旅游年期间的活动 .
…… 相似文献
220.
Maurizio Tosin Francesco Degli-Innocenti Catia Bastioli 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1996,4(1):55-63
Biodegradability under composting conditions is assessed by test methods, such as ASTM D 5338-92, based on the measurement of CO2 released by test materials when mixed with mature compost and maintained in a controlled composting environment. However, in real composting, biodegradation occurs in fresh waste. To clarify this point, the biodegradation of paper and of a starch-based biodegradable thermoplastic material, Mater-Bi ZI01U, was followed by measuring the weight loss of samples introduced either into a mature compost or into a synthetic waste. The weight loss in mature compost was higher at the beginning but tended to decrease; in synthetic waste a first lag phase was followed by an exponential phase. Complete degradation of paper was noticed simultaneously in the two substrates (after 25 days). The bulkier Mater-Bi samples were fully degraded after 20 days in fresh waste, but after 45 days in mature compost. Therefore, the test methods using mature compost as a substrate can possibly underestimate the biodegradation rate occurring in fresh waste, i.e., in real composting plants, and have to be considered as conservative test methods. The test procedure described in this paper seems very suitable as a screening method to verify the compostability of plastic materials in a composting environment. 相似文献