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21.
Elzbieta Kalisinska Jerzy Gorecki Natalia Lanocha Anna Okonska Javier B. Melgarejo Halina Budis Izabella Rzad Jerzy Golas 《Ambio》2014,43(7):858-870
Mercury (Hg) contamination in piscivorous birds, especially methylmercury (MeHg), has been drawing much attention worldwide in regard to its bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains. In this study on Hg in the soft tissues of white-tailed eagles (n = 22) and ospreys (n = 2) from Poland, total Hg (THg) range was 0.15–47.6 while MeHg range was 0.11–8.05 mg kg−1 dry weight. In both species, median THg and MeHg concentrations were lower in the muscle and brain than in the liver and kidney. Median nephric residues were just under 3 and 5 mgTHg kg−1 or 0.9 and 3.7 mgMeHg kg−1 for white-tailed eagle and osprey, respectively. In Norwegian data from the 1970s and in our results, MeHg in the muscle of white-tailed eagle was ~60 % THg (%MeHg = MeHg/THg × 100), lower than in other piscivorous birds. A clear similarity in THg tissue levels was found between Polish and German populations of white-tailed eagles. 相似文献
22.
Javier G. P. Gamarra Paul A. Brewer Mark G. Macklin Katherine Martin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(11):6952-6963
Local remediation measures, particularly those undertaken in historical mining areas, can often be ineffective or even deleterious because erosion and sedimentation processes operate at spatial scales beyond those typically used in point-source remediation. Based on realistic simulations of a hybrid landscape evolution model combined with stochastic rainfall generation, we demonstrate that similar remediation strategies may result in differing effects across three contrasting European catchments depending on their topographic and hydrologic regimes. Based on these results, we propose a conceptual model of catchment-scale remediation effectiveness based on three basic catchment characteristics: the degree of contaminant source coupling, the ratio of contaminated to non-contaminated sediment delivery, and the frequency of sediment transport events. 相似文献
23.
Carolina Fernández-Ramos Oscar Ballesteros Alberto Zafra-Gómez Francisco Javier Camino-Sánchez Rosario Blanc Alberto Navalón José Luís Vílchez 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(6):4286-4296
The study describes the environmental monitoring of anionic surfactants―alcohol sulfates (AS) and alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES)—in marine sediments. Concentration values were obtained after pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC–MS/MS). Samples were collected from a range of wastewater discharge points along the coast of the provinces of Huelva, Málaga, Granada and Almería. Urban, agricultural and industrial wastewaters are discharged at the selected 38 sampling sites. Principal component analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the distribution and behaviour of these compounds in these coastal environments. Evaluation of the data revealed that the behaviour and sources of AS and AES in marine sediments are different, and that the distribution of AES depends on the length of the alkyl chain, while the number of ethoxylated units is not relevant. Additionally, the 38 sampling sites can be grouped into only two types of outfalls according to their AS distribution. The concentration of compounds in sediment samples ranged from 7.52 to 13.50 mg kg?1 for AS, from 3.04 to 10.68 mg kg?1 for AES–C12Ex and from 3.83 to 11.56 mg kg?1 for AES–C14Ex. 相似文献
24.
Héctor G. Riveros Javier Tejeda Luis Ortiz Adriana Julián-Sánchez Héctor Riveros-Rosas 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):973-984
Abstract In Mexico City, the use and composition of fuels determine that carbon monoxide (CO) comes mostly from mobile sources, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) from fixed and mobile sources. By simultaneously measuring hydrocarbons (HC), CO, and SO2 in the atmosphere of Mexico City, the relative amounts coming from different sources can be estimated. Assuming that some HC are emitted proportionally to CO emissions, we can establish that [HC]1= m1? [CO], where the proportionality constant ml corresponds to the ratio of emissions factor for HC and CO in mobile sources. Similarly for fuels containing sulfur, it can be assumed that [HC]2 = m2 ? [SO2]. In this way, the total HC are [HC]total=[HC]0+ ml ? [CO]+ m2 ? [SO2], where [HC]0 corresponds mainly to other sources like solvent evaporation, gas consumption, and natural emissions. In this way, it can be estimated that in Mexico City 75% of average HC comes from mobile sources, 5% from sulfur-related sources, and 19% from natural sources and solvent evaporation. Compared with the HC/CO ratio measured in the exhaust pipe of vehicles, we estimated that 70% of HC emitted from mobile sources are evaporative losses, and only 30% come through the exhaust system. 相似文献
25.
Manuel Alonso Francisco José Alguacil 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1342-1347
Abstract A laboratory-scale electrostatic precipitator has been designed and constructed in which the grounded collector plate has been substituted by a set of wire screens placed perpendicularly to the gas flow. Particles are deposited onto the screens by two mechanisms—electrostatic deposition and diffusional deposition—which act simultaneously. On the one hand, electrostatic deposition is effective for relatively large particles, but it is quite ineffective for the smallest ones because their charging probability in the corona field is too low. On the other hand, the diffusional collection efficiency of particles on fibers is high for small particles but low for the larger ones. Therefore, the simultaneous diffusional-electrostatic precipitation may become a useful technique for efficient filtration of particles below 0.1 μm. A preliminary experimental evaluation of this filtering device has shown that submicrometer particles with diameters down to a few nanometers can be collected with number efficiencies greater than 99%. 相似文献
26.
Aron D. Jazcilevich Agustín R. García L. Gerardo Ruiz-Suárez Xóchitl Cruz-Nuñez Javier C. Delgado Carlos Tellez 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):366-378
Abstract Using an air quality model, two future urban scenarios induced by the construction of the new international airport for Mexico City are compared at a regional level. The air quality model couples the meteorology model MM5 and state-of-the-art photochemistry. The air quality comparison is made using metrics for the criterion gases selected for the study. From the two urban scenarios compared, the option for Tizayuca is moderately better than the option for Texcoco, because relative reductions in O3 and other photochemical pollutants are achieved over highly populated areas. Regardless of the site, the air quality for the central region of Mexico in the future will deteriorate. In the region of central Mexico, SO2 and NO2 will become important pollutants. 相似文献
27.
Ernesto Gramsch Isabel Ormeño Guillermo Palma Francisco Cereceda-Balic Pedro Oyola 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):799-808
Abstract The optical absorption coefficient, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm, and elemental carbon (EC) have been measured simultaneously during winter and spring of 2000 in the western part of Santiago, Chile (Pudahuel district). The optical measurements were carried out with a low-cost instrument recently developed at the University of Santiago. From the data, a site-specific mass absorption coefficient of 4.45 ± 0.01 m2/g has been found for EC. In addition, a mass absorption coefficient of 1.02 ± 0.03 m2/g has been obtained for PM2.5. These coefficients can be used during the colder months (May-August) to obtain EC concentration or PM2.5 from a measurement of the light absorption coefficient (σa). The high correlation that has been found between these variables indicates that σa is a good indicator of the degree of contamination of urbanized areas. The data also show an increase in PM2.5 and EC concentration during winter and an increase in the ratio of EC to PM2.5. When the EC/PM2.5 ratio is calculated during rush hour (7:00 a.m.-11:00 a.m.) and during part of the night (9:00 p.m.-2:00 a.m.), it is found that the increase is caused by higher concentration levels of EC at night. These results suggest that the rise in the EC concentration is caused by emissions from heating and air mass transport of pollution from other parts of the city, while traffic contribution remains approximately constant. 相似文献
28.
Marc Gracia Nacima Meghelli Lluís Comas Javier Retana 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):349-358
The current state of Mediterranean mountain areas has been driven by two main factors: intense traditional human activity
and the dynamics of the ecosystem itself. In this study, we examine land-cover changes in a National Park in the Pyrenees
mountains (NE Iberian Peninsula), which was designated a protected area 55 years ago. First, we have analyzed spatio-temporal
changes in land-cover pattern and forest dynamics from 1957 to 2005. During this period, land-cover dynamics consisted of
two main processes: (i) expansion of the forest area and (ii) increasing cover of forests already present in 1957. To analyze
the role of the conservation level of the park, we have also compared the results obtained within the park with those of unprotected,
peripheral areas. In the two areas with different protection level, dense forests increased throughout the period because
of the reduction in forestry activities. The peripheral area showed a higher rate of forest-cover change from 1957 to 2005
compared to the National Park. This higher increase in forest cover in the peripheral area could be related to a higher proportion
in the National Park of screes and rocky areas and to the decline and transformation of forest activities in these peripheral,
lower elevation areas. 相似文献
29.
Ramos-Gómez J Coz A Viguri JR Luque A Martín-Díaz ML DelValls TÁ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(7):1914-1922
Biomarkers comprising activities of biotransformation enzymes (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase -EROD-, dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase -DBF-, glutathione S-transferase -GST), antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase -GR- and glutathione peroxidase -GPX), lipid peroxidation -LPO- and DNA strand breaks were analyzed in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum caged at Cádiz Bay, Santander Bay and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (LPGC) Port (Spain). Sediments were characterized. Digestive gland was the most sensitive tissue to sediment contamination. In Cádiz Bay, changes in LPO regarding day 0 were related with metals. In LPGC Port, DBF, EROD, and GST activity responses suggested the presence of undetermined contaminants which might have led to DNA damage. In Santander Bay, PAHs were related with EROD activity, organic and metal contamination was found to be associated with GR and GST activities and DNA damage presented significant (p < 0.05) induction. R. philippinarum was sensitive to sediment contamination at biochemical level. Biomarkers allowed chemical exposure and sediment quality assessment. 相似文献
30.
Fernández-Macho J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2947-2953
Underlying levels of atmospheric pollutants, assumed to be governed by smoothing mechanisms due to atmospheric dispersion, can be estimated from global emissions source databases on greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting compounds. However, spatial data may be contaminated with noise or even missing or zero-valued at many locations. Therefore, a problem that arises is how to extract the underlying smooth levels. This paper sets out a structural spatial model that assumes data evolve across a global grid constrained by second-order smoothing restrictions. The frequency-domain approach is particularly suitable for global datasets, reduces the computational burden associated with two-dimensional models and avoids cumbersome zero-inflated skewed distributions. Confidence intervals of the underlying levels are also obtained. An application to the estimation of global levels of atmospheric pollutants from anthropogenic emissions illustrates the technique which may also be useful in the analysis of other environmental datasets of similar characteristics. 相似文献