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451.
Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) ant-plants
Claus Markstädter Walter Federle Reinhard Jetter Markus Riederer Bert Hölldobler 《Chemoecology》2000,10(1):33-40
Summary. The stems of many Macaranga ant-plants (Euphorbiaceae) are covered by epicuticular wax crystals rendering the surface very slippery for most insects.
These wax blooms act as selective barriers protecting the symbiotic ant partners, which are specialized “wax-runners”, against
the competition of other ants. Glaucous stems occur almost exclusively among the ant-plants of the genus Macaranga (). We analyzed the cuticular lipids of 16 Macaranga species by GC-MS and investigated the wax crystal morphology using SEM. Presence of crystalline wax blooms was strongly correlated
with high concentrations (52%–88%) of triterpenoids. In contrast epicuticular waxes of glossy Macaranga surfaces contained only 0% to 36% of these dominant components. Therefore we conclude that triterpenoids are responsible
for the formation of the thread-like Macaranga wax crystals. In all Macaranga ant-plants investigated, the principal components were epitaraxerol and taraxerone accompanied by smaller portions of taraxerol,
β-amyrin and friedelin. Only in the case of the non-myrmecophytic M. tanarius did β-amyrin predominate. Moreover, we found that only in M. tanarius, the dense wax crystal lacework is torn into large mosaic-like pieces in the course of secondary stem diameter growth. Both
chemical and macroscopic differences may contribute to a reduced slipperiness of M. tanarius stems and appear to be functionally important. The distribution of wax crystals and their composition amongst different sections
of the genus suggests that glaucousness is a polyphyletic character within Macaranga.
Received 7 October 1999; accepted 3 December 1999 相似文献
452.
The surface colour and temperature fields of the Mediterranean Sea, as appearing in time series, of basin-wide images available in the CZCS (1979–1985) and AVHRR (1982–1991) historical archives, differentiate between basin interior and continental margins affected by coastal patterns, river plumes, and mesoscale features. The original data were processed to apply calibration factors, to correct for atmospheric contamination, and to estimate chlorophyll-like pigment concentration and surface temperature. Composites were derived, as monthly and annual means, using a fixed equal-area projection with a 1-km2 pixel grid. Enhanced pigment values and lower temperatures along the northern coastal areas (i.e. the Ligurian, Provençal and Balearic basins, as well as the Adriatic, and Aegean Seas) have been associated with the impact of runoff from continental margins (i.e. both a direct impact due to the sediment load and one induced on the planktonic flora by the associated nutrient load) and with vertical mixing due to the prevailing winds (i.e. the Mistral in the northwest, the Bora in the Adriatic, the Etesians in the Aegean). The pattern of increasing pigments and decreasing temperatures in seen to develop in the monthly images from the coastal zone towards the open sea from summer to winter, and then back from winter to summer. The southern coastal areas show different values, namely lower pigments and higher temperatures (except in areas where the data are altered by signal contamination). It is suggested that differences in geomorphology and meteorology of the basin margins have an impact on both water biogeochemistry and dynamics, influencing the biooptical and thermal properties of the various sub-basins, and of the entire Mediterranean region. 相似文献
453.
G. S. Kalacheva E. S. Zadereev V. G. Gubanov I. V. Gribovskaya 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2000,31(2):113-117
The chemical composition of water conditioned by colonies ofMoina macrocopa and involved in the regulation of their life cycle was analyzed in comparison with water samples from natural water bodies.
Dechlorinated tap water was used as the control medium. The results showed that metabolism of crustaceans leads to an increase
in the concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in all forms, the appearance of protein and carbohydrate fractions, and changes
in the composition of lipid fractions in the water conditioned by their colonies. The contents of all organic components are
very low, which makes their identification difficult. Concentrations of substances identified in the conditioned water do
not exceed those occurring in nature. 相似文献
454.
455.
Gradients of genetic distances (GGDs) between 26 adjacent cenopopulations of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) along the transects through the distinct landscape-ecotopic isolation borders were analyzed graphically. The results
made it possible to reveal and quantitatively estimate gradients and borders of gene-pool structural patterns in populations
of this species in the central part of Northern Eurasia. In lowland areas, the most distinct borders were found between pine
populations growing on dry lands and bogs (Pineta sphagnosa) in the forest zone of the Transural region, as well as between the Arakaragaiskii and Amankaragaiskii island pine forests
in the steppe zone (Northern Turgai). In highland areas (the Urals and the Carpathians), the greatest GGDs were observed between
low-mountain (about 600 m above sea level) and middle-mountain (850–900 m) populations. Analysis of GGDs is a promising gene-geographic
method for determining population borders and studying the chorogenetic structure of species. 相似文献
456.
Climatic characteristics of the northern Moscow region and the periodicity of seedage in Norway spruce were analyzed retrospectively.
The relationship between the intensity of seedage and weather conditions in the period before seedage was revealed. 相似文献
457.
The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by
nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise
comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis
of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained
during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and
1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis
for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained.
Deceased 相似文献
458.
The horizontal distribution and quantitative characteristics of macrozoobenthos were studied in small lakes of the Darwin Nature Reserve (southern Vologda oblast). The aggregation index varied in the open areas of acid lakes, which indicated that communities of small acid water bodies were unstable. The aggregation was the lowest in the open area of a neutral lake. In acid lakes, the number and biomass of macroinvertebrates were the highest near the coasts. In the neutral lake, conversely, these values were maximum in open areas and low near the coast due to a strong pressure of predatory invertebrates and fish. An aggregating effect of invertebrate predators was observed near the coasts of lakes of different types. 相似文献
459.
Makarov M. I. Kadulin M. S. Turchin S. R. Malysheva T. I. Aksenova A. A. Onipchenko V. G. Menyailo O. V. 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2019,50(4):337-342
Russian Journal of Ecology - Abstract—The study of the effect of mycorrhiza symbiosis on the transformation of carbon and nitrogen compounds in soils is important in view of the necessity to... 相似文献
460.
Vasil’ev A. G. Bol’shakov V. N. Vasil’eva I. A. Gorodilova Yu. V. Chibiryak M. V. 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2019,50(4):361-371
Russian Journal of Ecology - A simultaneous analysis of the chronographic variation of the mandible of bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus Shreb.) in three longitudinally distant populations that... 相似文献