聚硅氯化铝(PASiC)混凝剂的特性及絮凝动态过程

 采用共聚与复合两种制备工艺,分别制备出具有不同碱化度(B)和不同Al/Si摩尔比系列的商用聚硅氯化铝(PASiC)混凝剂,并分别采用颗粒粒径测定方法和流动电流(SC)测定技术研究比较了PASiC和聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝剂的颗粒大小、电动特性和凝聚絮凝动态过程.结果表明,Al/Si摩尔比、B值和制备工艺影响PASiC的聚合和带电特性.Al/Si摩尔比越小和B值越大,PASiC的颗粒就越大;在相同的B值下,PASiC较PAC具有更大的颗粒粒径.PASiC的电中和能力较PAC有所下降,且Al/Si摩尔比越小,PASiC的电中和能力下降越多;与PAC相比,PASiC具有更快的凝聚絮凝速度和形成更大的絮体;且Al/Si摩尔比越小,PASiC形成的絮体就越大.     

In vivo measurements of the internal pH of Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor (Annelida, Polychaeta) exposed to ambient sulphidic conditions using pH microelectrodes

 The effect of different ambient sulphide concentrations on the internal pH regime of Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor was studied under in vivo conditions using liquid membrane pH microelectrodes, a method which is new to marine sciences. As a case study, the hypothesis was tested whether organisms exposed to ambient sulphidic conditions are able to lower their internal pH which, in effect, would reduce sulphide influx into the animals and thus could represent an effective detoxification mechanism. It was shown that a significant lowering of the internal pH occurred within only 20 min after adding sulphide. This pH lowering appeared to be dependent on the external sulphide concentration of the ambient medium and showed a saturation beyond a threshold level of about 130 μM. It is discussed whether this sulphide-induced pH drop is an active regulatory mechanism and acts as an effective protection mechanism against sulphide during short-term exposures. Received: 1 June 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 3 May 2000     

A method for assessing generalised nitrogen leaching estimates for agricultural land

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for assessing generalised N leaching estimates from large areas of agricultural land. The system developed was based on calculating a number of N leaching estimates for different typical cropping situations. The estimates were normalised with respect to varying weather conditions and crop production. The different cropping situations were described by setting up a matrix consisting of crucial factors influencing leaching such as soils, crops and climate. Nitrogen leaching was then estimated for a number of combinations of these factors. Calculations were made for three different regions where all the major crops were cultivated on soils with seven different textures and four different organic-N classes and two fertilisation regimes. The three regions are representative of climates and agricultural practices in some of the major agricultural areas in Sweden. The model used was the SOILN model. Leaching of nitrogen from the root zone showed large variations. The range was from 1 to 50 kg ha⁻¹ for different soils and crops when only fertiliser N was applied. Leaching varied both due to different climates and differences in cultivation practices between the regions. Leaching decreased in a south-north gradient. Leaching increased as a result of greater mineralisation when the organic matter content in the soils was increased, leaching was less from soils with a high clay content and was very small for the heavy clay soil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sympagohydra tuuli</Emphasis> (Cnidaria,Hydrozoa): first report from sea ice of the central Arctic Ocean and insights into histology,reproduction and locomotion

Various cnidarians have adapted their life style to interstitial habitats of marine sediments. Recently, for the first time a hydroid was reported from the interstitial brine channel system of Arctic fast ice. Due to its derived features, the new genus and species Sympagohydra tuuli was introduced. Here we describe findings of S. tuuli in sea ice at several sites within the central Arctic Ocean. In our view the results of this study do not allow assignment of Sympagohydra to any known family and we, therefore, suggest the introduction of a new family Sympagohydridae which is placed within the hydrozoan subclass Hydroidolina, order Anthomedusae, suborder Capitata. A first detailed histological analysis of S. tuuli is presented. In vivo analysis of locomotion and reproduction revealed a remarkable convergent evolution in S. tuuli and distant meiobenthic relatives. Shared traits are a flagellated epidermis enabling the animals to glide within small interstices by means of flagellar beating as well as an internalised embryogenesis. In S. tuuli gametogenesis occurs in the absence of gonophores inbetween gastro- and epidermis clearly separated from the epidermis. Budding was observed as the vegetative mode of reproduction. Documentation of feeding behaviour identified copepod nauplii and rotifers as prey items and demonstrates a high trophical position of the hydroids within the sympagic food web. Occurrence of reproducing individuals and pronounced tolerances towards changing temperatures and salinities indicate S. tuuli as a truly sympagic species. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

西笤溪流域重金属污染磁学研究及多元分析

对西苕溪流域的土壤样品及部分太湖近岸表层底泥样品,进行了环境磁学测试与化学分析.采用指标聚类分析,抽取磁化率、S比值和Cr、Fe、Pb、Sr、Ti、Zn含量等8个典型指标.再应用模糊C均值聚类分析,分辨出了4种不同的样品类型和两种不同的人类活动响应.取自丘陵山地的第一类样品,以强的磁化率、高的S比值和低的Sr、Ni和Zn含量为特征,代表了流域的自然背景.分布在河谷平原农耕区的第二类样品,磁化率、S比值以及重金属含量都很低,反映了农业活动对环境的影响.而分布在滨湖平原和东苕溪流域的第三类样品,Sr、Ni和Zn含量最高,反映了工业活动对环境的影响.代表丘陵与平原过渡带的第四类样品,其磁参数和重金属含量介于丘陵山地与平原之间.由于流域的磁背景场很高,且人类活动多元化,磁与重金属的相关性差,因此单一的磁化率不能直接指示污染状况.     

The role of iron nanoparticles on anaerobic digestion: mechanisms,limitations, and perspectives

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most widely used technology for organic matter treatment. However, multiple types of research have reported on...