Rhodococcus sp. Ns对硝基苯酚的好氧生物降解

通过驯化富集培养,从红树林底泥中分离出6株硝基苯酚降解菌,其中Rhodococcus sp. Ns为对硝基苯酚（PNP）与邻硝基苯酚（ONP）的高效降解菌.在好氧条件下该菌可以耐受小于1.8 mmol/L的PNP,能够利用PNP和ONP为唯一碳源、能源和氮源生长并将其完全矿化.研究了Rhodococcus sp. Ns在不同pH、盐度与浓度范围下,PNP的降解特性并探讨了该菌降解PNP的途径.实验得出该菌在盐度<5‰、 pH>5的条件下能较快生长,1.5 mmol/L的PNP在96h内被完全降解,并检测到至少2种中间产物4-硝基儿茶酚(4-nitrocatechol)和1,2,4-苯三酚 (1,2,4-benzenetriol).红树林底泥中固有的细菌对PNP和ONP具有高效降解作用.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China

In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km². In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM_1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM_1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM_1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM_1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM_1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan.     

国内建设项目环境监理的发展态势、存在问题与对策一对西藏自治区开展环境监理的认识与思考

当前,我国的建设项目环境监理仍处于起步阶段。环境监理管理体系尚不完备。对西藏自治区而言,建设项目环境监理工作在许多行业领域尚属空白,法律法规仍不健全。本文通过介绍国内环境监理的发展态势及各省建设项目环境监理试点工作的经验。结合西藏自治区生态环境特征,借鉴青藏铁路环境监理试点工程取得的宝贵经验,对西藏自治区环境监理工作的开展进行探讨,以期为相关部门制定决策提供参照,尽快摸索出一条适合西藏自治区的环境监理模式,逐步使建设项目环境监理制度化,并在西藏自治区范围内成功实施。     

宝鸡市经济增长与环境空气综合污染指数关系研究

文章以空气综合污染指数法分析了宝鸡市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量状况,分析结果表明宝鸡市环境空气质量逐年变好。以人均GDP为经济指标,以空气综合污染指数为环境指标,建立经济增长与环境空气质量之间的计量模型,进行环境库兹涅茨曲线实证研究。研究结果表明,宝鸡市经济增长和环境空气质量的关系符合库兹涅茨曲线"拐点"后的下降部分。证明该市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量与人均GDP处于良性发展状态。     

用多道滤波接收函数法反演佛子岭台基的S波速度结构

以佛子岭地震台数字化仪器记录到的远震数据为基础,应用多道反褶积方法分组提取邻近地震事件的接收函数,并选择合适的地层厚度将台站下方介质结构简化成关于S波速度的水平分层模型。以此对Ps转换波的接收函数进行共转换点偏移叠加,反演计算得到每个水平层中的S波速度值,并给出了佛子岭台台基下方一维S波速度结构图。     

清水江流域环境保护污染治理经济效益分析

以《贵州省清水江流域环境保护规划(2013-2020年)》为例,分析清水江流域治理主要污染物的削减量和费用支出。从环境经济角度,通过费用-效益分析法以货币量化进行计算,流域治理能带来一定的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

Fenton试剂氧化苯酚过程中Fe（Ⅱ）浓度的变化

考察了Fenton试剂氧化降解苯酚过程中Fe(Ⅱ)浓度的变化,并通过实验探讨了其变化的原因.实验结果表明,在Fenton反应发生的第1 rain内,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度可降低到初始浓度的60%左右,随着反应的继续Fe(Ⅱ)浓度在大约20min降低到最小值,然后开始增大,说明了Fe(Ⅲ)还原作用的存在;Fenton试剂氧化降解苯酚的中间产物包括对苯二酚、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚和苯醌等,其中前三者能对Fe(Ⅲ)有效还原,是Fenton试剂氧化降解苯酚过程中Fe(Ⅲ)还原的主要途径之一.     

Source apportionment of fine particles in Tennessee using a source-oriented model

Source apportionment of fine particles (PM2.5, particulate matter < 2 microm in aerodynamic diameter) is important to identify the source categories that are responsible for the concentrations observed at a particular receptor. Although receptor models have been used to do source apportionment, they do not fully take into account the chemical reactions (including photochemical reactions) involved in the formation of secondary fine particles. Secondary fine particles are formed from photochemical and other reactions involving precursor gases, such as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. This paper presents the results of modeling work aimed at developing a source apportionment of primary and secondary PM2.5. On-road mobile source and point source inventories for the state of Tennessee were estimated and compiled. The national emissions inventory for the year 1999 was used for the other states. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Models3/Community Multi-Scale Air Quality modeling system was used for the photochemical/secondary particulate matter modeling. The modeling domain consisted of a nested 36-12-4-km domain. The 4-km domain covered the entire state of Tennessee. The episode chosen for the modeling runs was August 29 to September 9, 1999. This paper presents the approach used and the results from the modeling and attempts to quantify the contribution of major source categories, such as the on-road mobile sources (including the fugitive dust component) and coal-fired power plants, to observed PM2.5 concentrations in Tennessee. The results of this work will be helpful in policy issues targeted at designing control strategies to meet the PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards in Tennessee.     

Seasonal variation on size distribution and concentration of PAHs in Guangzhou city, China

Size distribution aerosol samples were collected at an urban location of Guangzhou in four seasons of 2003-2004 by a MOUDI (Micro-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor). The particle loading (PM10: 80-397 microg m(-3)) was comparable with some other Asia cities; however, much higher than that of Western Europe and North America. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MS). Seasonal effects on the size distribution of PAHs are presented. Bimode (accumulation and coarse mode) and unimode (accumulation mode) distributions were observed for low-molecule-weight and high-molecule-weight PAHs. A slight shift to larger particles was found for the accumulation mode in autumn and winter, compared with that of spring and summer. One explanation is that the longer aging process of PAHs in autumn and winter would result in volatilization from finer particles followed by condensation onto coarser particles. Another is there was mixing process of local emission with long-range transported aerosol in autumn and winter. The relative higher value of IcdP/(BghiP+IcdP) and lower value of BghiP/BeP in winter also give evidences to the mixing process. The level of PAHs concentration has been much elevated in recent years. This can be attributed to the fast growth of motor vehicle and energy consumption.