Identification and characterization of Fe3O4/peroxodisulfate advanced oxidation products from sulfameter

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the most widely used antibiotics and their residuals in the environment could cause some negative environmental issues. Advanced oxidation such as Fenton-like reaction has been widely applied in the treatment of SAs polluted water. Degradation rates of 95%-99.7% were achieved in this work for the tested 8 SAs, including sulfisomidine, sulfameter (SME), phthalylsulfathiazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfisoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, and sulfadimethoxine, in the Fe₃O₄/peroxodisulfate (PDS) oxidation system after the optimization of PDS concentration and pH. Meanwhile, it was found that a lot of unknown oxidation products were formed, which brought up the uncertainty of health risks to the environment, and the identification of these unknown products was critical. Therefore, SME was selected as the model compound, from which the oxidation products were never elucidated, to identify these intermediates/products. With liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), 10 new products were identified, in which 2-amino-5-methoxypyrimidine (AMP) was confirmed by its standard. The investigation of the oxidation process of SME indicated that most of the products were not stable and the degradation pathways were very complicated as multiple reactions, such as oxidation of the amino group, SO₂ extrusion, and potential cross-reaction occurred simultaneously. Though most of the products were not verified due to the lack of standards, our results could be helpful in the evaluation of the treatment performance of SAs containing wastewater.     

Year-round observation of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing: Size distribution, source analysis, and reduction mechanism

To investigate particle characteristics and find an effective measure to control severe particle pollution, year-round observation of size-segregated inorganic aerosols was conducted in Beijing from January to December, 2016. The sampled atmospheric particles all presented bimodal size distribution at four pollution levels (clear, slight pollution, moderate pollution and severe pollution), and peak values appeared at the size range of 0.7-2.1 μm and >9.0 μm, respectively. As dominant particle compositions, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺ in four pollution levels all showed significant peaks in fine mode, especially at the size range of 1.1-2.1 μm. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 67.6% (36.3% (secondary sulfates) + 31.3% (secondary nitrates)) of the total sources of fine particles in urban Beijing. Severe pollution of fine particles was mainly caused by the air masses transported from nearby western and southern areas, which are industrial and densely populated region, respectively. Sensitivity tests further revealed that the control measures focusing on ammonium emission reduction was the most effective for particle pollution mitigation, and fine particles all showed nonlinear responses after reducing ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations, with the fitting curves of y = -120.8x - 306.1x² + 290.2x³, y = -43.5x - 67.8x², and y = -25.8x - 110.4x² + 7.6x³, respectively (y and x present fine particle mass variation (μg/m³) and concentration reduction ratio (CRR)/100 (dimensionless)). Overall, our study presents useful information for understanding the characteristics of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing, as well as offers policy makers with effective measure for mitigating particle pollution.     

功能化材料Zr@AC对水中难降解农药阿特拉津的去除特征

我国农药阿特拉津的污染十分严重,对生态系统造成了非常不利的影响. 为了实现对水环境中阿特拉津的高效去除和吸附剂的重复利用,该研究通过溶液浸渍和高温煅烧技术将金属锆负载到活性炭上,制备出功能化材料Zr@AC,使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)和比表面及孔径分析仪(BET)对材料的形貌和组成进行了表征,并考察了Zr@AC对水中阿特拉津的去除效果. 结果表明:①当浸渍液锆离子的质量分数为7.0%、浸渍时间为9.0 h、煅烧温度为500 ℃和煅烧时间为5.0 h时,制备的Zr@AC具有较大的比表面积、较多的中孔和微孔以及丰富的活性位点. ②对阿特拉津的去除研究表明,当溶液pH为4.0、温度为25 ℃、Zr@AC投加量为60.0 mg/L时,经过90 min的反应,Zr@AC对阿特拉津的吸附容量最大,达到93.8 mg/g. ③动力学模拟研究表明,该吸附过程遵循拟二级动力学模型,且Freundlich等温吸附模型的拟合结果要优于Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明Zr@AC对阿特拉津的吸附存在化学吸附和多分子层吸附的双重作用. ④经过5次重复试验后,Zr@AC对阿特拉津的去除率仍有83.9%. 研究显示,Zr@AC可作为水中去除阿特拉津的吸附剂,是一种很有前途、可重复多次使用的材料.      

基于文献计量分析的近40年国内外环境影响评价研究进展

环境影响评价自引入我国以来,经过40多年发展,已形成一套具有我国国情特点的成熟制度框架体系. 为探究过去40年我国环境影响评价研究的发展与演变特征,以1980—2020年科睿唯安(Web of Science)和中国知网收录文献作为研究对象,运用CitesSpace文献分析工具,绘制环境影响评价领域知识图谱,对比分析国内外环境影响评价的研究力量、时空演变特征等信息,重点分析得出我国环境影响评价领域研究热点;结合聚类分析实证结果,从研究方向、指导理念、制度完善、技术体系四个方面总结了我国环境影响评价领域的演变特征和重点领域发展趋势,并提出新时期环境影响评价的展望与设想. 值得注意的是,相较于国际学术界对环境影响评价研究热度持续上升,我国对环境影响评价研究的关注度正在下降,学术影响力不够、学科交叉研究不足,一定程度制约了环境影响评价制度的纠错能力与创新能力的提升. 为切实提高环境影响评价协同推进高质量发展和高水平保护的能力,一方面需进一步发挥制度优势,对标国际先进技术,加强环境影响评价与公共管理等其他学科的交叉融合研究,完善经济、技术政策环境评价顶层设计,加强生物多样性、气候变化等全球性问题在环境影响评价中的融合研究;另一方面,应推动我国环境影响评价实践经验走向国际学术界,提升环境影响评价国际学术话语权,不断创新形成具有“中国特色、世界一流”的环境影响评价体系.      

微塑料对牟氏角毛藻的毒理效应

本文选取聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）和聚苯乙烯（PS）微粒作为目标污染物,探讨其不同浓度（50 mg/L、100 mg/L和200 mg/L）和不同粒径（100 μm、175 μm和250 μm）对受试生物牟氏角毛藻（Chaetoceros muelleri）的影响。结果表明,3种粒径和浓度的微塑料（PET 和 PS ）均对微藻细胞密度产生抑制作用,PET（100 μm,200 mg/L）和PS（100 μm,200 mg/L）对微藻产生的最大抑制率分别为 37.3% 和 32.5%。微塑料浓度越大,对藻细胞密度的抑制作用越强;而粒径变化对藻细胞密度的抑制作用未呈现明显规律。PET对牟氏角毛藻细胞干重的影响较小,与对照组相比无显著性差异（P>0.05）,PS则对牟氏角毛藻细胞干重无影响。微塑料对牟氏角毛藻叶绿素a（Chl a）的抑制作用与其类型和暴露时间有关。PET对Chl a起抑制作用,PS则起促进作用。     

辽宁营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟现状评价

2016－2020年连续对营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟种类和数量进行了调查监测。5年的长期调查监测共记录到水鸟4目8科39种,其中鸻鹬类、鸥类及雁鸭类（共占记录物种总数的92.31%）是构成营口滨海湿地春季迁徙期水鸟的主要类群。年际间水鸟种类和数量总体呈增加趋势,翘鼻麻鸭（Tadorna tadorna）、斑尾塍鹬（Limosa lapponica）、黑尾塍鹬（Limosa limosa）、大杓鹬（Numenius madagascariensis）、环颈鸻（Charadrius alexandrinus）、黑腹滨鹬（Calidris alpina）6种优势种处于动态变化之中。记录到的39种水鸟都被列入国内外有关保护条例,且分布达到全球种群评估数量1%的濒危大杓鹬、易危黑嘴鸥（Saundersilarus saundersi）、翘鼻麻鸭、环颈鸻、黑尾塍鹬、斑尾塍鹬、黑腹滨鹬7种水鸟,表明营口滨海湿地及水鸟具有国际重要保护价值。为更好地保护营口滨海湿地水鸟及其栖息地,建议尽早在目前未受保护的营口滨海湿地新建国家公园、自然保护区或自然公园,或纳入生态保护红线;并将营口滨海湿地申报列入《国际重要湿地名录》。     

液化石油气槽车泄漏处置专用接头套组的应用探讨

针对消防救援车辆缺乏专业堵漏和倒罐装备、应急处置受限等问题,研究采用专用注压接头套组与消防车配合,通过向事故槽车阀门注水加压或惰性气体的方式实施辅助堵漏,能够实现因地制宜、快速有效地解决现场液化石油气大量泄漏的问题,降低事故危害。     

渤海湾天津近岸海域沉积物氮赋存形态及其环境意义

本研究采用连续分相浸取法,研究了渤海湾近岸海域沉积物中离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、碳酸盐结合态氮（CF-N）、铁锰氧化态氮（IMOF-N）及有机态和硫化物结合态氮（OSF-N）4种可转化态氮（TF-N）的含量及空间分布特征,进而揭示其环境意义。结果表明,表层沉积物中TF-N含量范围为145~233μg/g,均值为193...     

毫米波近炸探测器超宽带电磁脉冲防护加固措施研究

目的 研究毫米波引信近炸探测器超宽带(Ultra-wideband,UWB)电磁脉冲防护加固措施,提高引信的电磁防护能力。方法 利用超宽带辐照试验平台,开展辐照试验,通过测试,确定受损探测器的损伤部位,明确辐照效应机理,并提出针对性加固措施。结果 超宽带电磁脉冲可使探测器出现死机或硬损伤的现象,受试探测器的效应场强阈值在50~80 kV/m。死机可在重启后恢复,而硬损伤为不可恢复现象。结论 毫米波引信近炸探测器对超宽带电磁脉冲较为敏感,锁相环回路是探测器的敏感部位。探测器暴露在辐照场下的射频电路和天线窗口是超宽带能量的主要耦合通道。采取改进元器件布局、更换器件和屏蔽线等加固措施后,探测器超宽带的防护能力有较大提升,证明了加固措施的有效性。     

车用高分子材料不同地区户外曝晒试验相关性研究

目的将3种高分子材料以及3种车用外饰材料分别投放在中国海南琼海和美国佛罗里达州2种典型湿热环境中进行户外曝晒试验,研究气候相似的2种地区的试验相关性。方法通过测试相同时间间隔下不同材料在2处试验场曝晒过程中的黄变程度,表征材料的老化现象。采用斯皮尔曼等级相关系数的统计方法,研究材料在2个地区相同时间节点的试验结果的相关性,并利用时间同轴的作图方法比较2个地区严酷度的差异。结果琼海与佛罗里达州2个地区在各个时间节点的相关系数接近于1,且在材料黄变方面呈现一定比例关系。结论琼海和佛罗里达州2个地区的试验结果呈现出较好的相关性,且严酷度比值约为琼海︰佛罗里达=1︰1.19。