基于政策工具的中国生物质发电补贴政策评估

生物质发电兼具环境效益与社会效益,对支撑中国推进能源消费革命和乡村振兴,实现碳达峰、碳中和目标具有重要意义。对截至2020年12月31日国家层面出台的生物质发电补贴相关政策进行梳理,运用政策工具理论与方法,从环境、供给、需求3个角度,研发、投资推广、原料资源、生产并网、消费5个环节评估生物质发电补贴政策的实施情况和存在问题,提出生物质发电补贴政策的优化建议。结果表明,现阶段生物质发电产业在研发、原料供应、基础设施领域补贴不足,财政补贴有逐步退坡并向市场机制转变趋势,但相应政策工具及制度创新尚存在欠缺。中国生物质发电补贴政策应在更多关注技术研发、充分涉及中间链条、完善激励机制等方面不断改进,并大力强化市场培育,在配套措施保障下引入市场机制,以促进产业长期可持续发展。     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contaminationwas the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

Microcystis aeruginosa/Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes interaction effects on off-flavors in algae/bacteria co-culture system under different temperatures

We conducted an experiment to study the interaction effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on off-flavors in an algae/bacteria co-culture system at three temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to measure off-flavor compounds dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin (GEO) and β-cyclocitral. During the lag phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (first 15 days), P. pseudoalcaligenes significantly increased the production of DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral at all three temperatures. In the exponential phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (after 15 days), M. aeruginosa became the main factor on off-flavors in the co-culture system, and β-cyclocitral turned to the highest off-flavor compound. These results also indicated that DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral were the main off-flavor compounds in our M. aeruginosa/P. pseudoalcaligenes co-culture system. Univariate analysis was applied to investigate the effects of M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes on the production of off-flavors. The results demonstrated that both M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes could increase the production of DMS and DMTS, while β-cyclocitral was mainly determined by M. aeruginosa. Our results also provide some insights into understanding the relationship between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.     

锆-十六烷基三甲基氯化铵改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附特性

采用锆(Zr)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)对活性炭进行联合改性,考察了所制备的Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附去除作用,并探讨了相关的吸附去除机制.结果表明,Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐均具备较好的吸附去除能力.Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对硝酸盐和磷酸盐吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型可以较好地描述Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的等温吸附过程,Langmuir和D-R等温吸附模型可以较好地描述Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中磷酸盐等温吸附过程,通过Langmuir模型计算得到吸附剂对硝酸盐和磷酸盐的最大单位吸附量分别为7.58 mg·g-1和10.9 mg·g-1.高的p H会抑制Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附.水中共存的Cl-、HCO-3和SO2-4等阴离子均会抑制Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附,且对吸附硝酸盐的抑制作用较强而对吸附磷酸盐的抑制作用较弱.水中共存的磷酸盐对Zr-CTAC改性活性炭吸附硝酸盐的抑制作用较强,而水中共存的硝酸盐对Zr-CTAC改性活性炭吸附磷酸盐的抑制作用较弱.1 mol·L-1Na Cl溶液可以使90%左右被吸附到Zr-CTAC改性活性炭表面上的硝酸盐解吸下来.1 mol·L-1的Na OH溶液可以使78%左右被吸附到Zr-CTAC改性活性炭表面上的磷酸盐解吸下来.Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对硝酸盐的吸附机制主要包括阴离子交换作用和静电吸引作用,对磷酸盐的吸附机制主要包括配位体交换作用、阴离子交换作用和静电吸引作用.上述结果说明Zr-CTAC改性活性炭适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的硝酸盐和磷酸盐.     

放射性核素大气扩散数值模拟研究综述

放射性核素大气扩散模式可以模拟放射性核素在不同尺度下的大气输送与扩散,为核电站选址、核事故应急提供科学依据.本文总结了目前广泛用于模拟核素扩散的多种模式,详细比较了各模式对放射性核素的衰变、输送和扩散、干/湿沉降和重力沉降以及辐射剂量等处理方法,总结归纳各个模式模拟的差异性.最后,对放射性核素大气扩散模式发展前景做了展望.对有针对性地提高模式模拟能力以及明确模式的发展方向具有重要的意义.     

天津市PM2.5中二次硝酸盐形成及防控

二次硝酸盐是PM_2.5中的重要二次无机离子组分,为了解PM_2.5中二次硝酸盐的形成及防控途径,基于天津市城区点位2018~2019年高时间分辨率的PM_2.5在线监测数据,对气溶胶颗粒物的离子组分、pH值、NH₃-NH₄⁺和HNO₃-NO₃^-浓度分布以及硝酸铵形成的敏感性进行了研究.结果表明,天津PM_2.5平均浓度为58μg·m^-3,PM_2.5中主要离子组分为NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-和K⁺,在PM_2.5中的占比分别为18.4%、11.6%、10.3%、3.3%和2.6%,PM_2.5及主要组分浓度均在采暖季高、非采暖季低.气溶胶颗粒物整体呈现弱酸性,平均pH值为5.21,季节分布为春冬季节高、夏秋季节低,日变化趋势表现为早间（00：00~08：00）低,其他时间略高.NH₃和HNO₃的平均浓度水平分别为16.7μg·m^-3和1.2μg·m^-3,NH₃浓度在每年的4~9月相对较高,10月~次年2月浓度相对较低;HNO₃浓度水平月际变化不明显.除夏季外,其他季节NH₃浓度均为早晚较高,其他时段较低;HNO₃浓度整体呈现白天相对略高,晚上相对略低的特点.不同pH值下NH₃与NH₄⁺、HNO₃与NO₃^-的浓度分布呈现明显的非线性关系,早晚NH₄⁺与NO₃^-的浓度均较高,pH值与NH₃和NH₄⁺以及HNO₃与NO₃^-的浓度分布均为非线性.敏感性图表明,2018~2019年天津市硝酸铵的形成主要处于HNO₃敏感区域,部分处于NH₃&HNO₃敏感区域.从季节分布上看,春季、秋季和冬季硝酸铵的形成主要处于HNO₃敏感区域,夏季硝酸铵的形成主要处于HNO₃和NH₃&HNO₃敏感区域.为有效减少天津市PM_2.5中二次硝酸盐的形成,春季、秋季和冬季主要开展HNO₃前体物（NO_x）的控制,夏季主要开展HNO₃前体物（NO_x）和NH₃的协同控制.     

Enhanced bio-decolorization of 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid by Sphingomonas xenophaga with nutrient amendment

Bacterial decolorization of anthraquinone dye intermediates is a slow process under aerobic conditions. To speed up the process, in the present study, effects of various nutrients on 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (ABAS) decolorization by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that peptone, yeast extract and casamino acid amendments promoted ABAS bio-decolorization. In particular, the addition of peptone and casamino acids could improve the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Further experiments showed that L-proline had a more significant accelerating effect on ABAS decolorization compared with other amino acids. L-Proline not only supported cell growth, but also significantly increased the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Membrane proteins of strain QYY exhibited ABAS decolorization activities in the presence of L-proline or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, while this behavior was not observed in the presence of other amino acids. Moreover, the positive correlation between L-proline concentration and the decolorization activity of membrane proteins was observed, indicating that L-proline plays an important role in ABAS decolorization. The above findings provide us not only a novel insight into bacterial ABAS decolorization, but also an L-proline-supplemented bioaugmentation strategy for enhancing ABAS bio-decolorization.     

江苏省印染污泥现状分析

对江苏省四大纺织基地进行调研,掌握了17家典型的印染企业污水处理量、污泥脱水及处置方式.同时,取样分析了印染污泥中重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、总铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镍(Ni)及含水率、低位热值、灰分和氯离子含量的变化情况.研究表明:采用板框压滤脱水的印染污泥平均含水率可达66.42%,便于焚烧处置;将近1/2的污泥低位热值低于污泥助燃焚烧的限值,需对污泥处理工艺和脱水方式加以改进;污泥处理过程中含氯药剂的加入使得Cl-含量波动较大,焚烧时需加强对二英的监测;17家印染企业污泥中重金属平均含量均低于江苏省城市污泥重金属平均含量,但Zn的含量却远高于评价标准.本文可为江苏省印染污泥焚烧及污染防治工作提供技术支持.     

淮河流域平原区第四系含水层划分及特征分析

以中国地质调查局资助的《淮河流域环境地质调查》项目为依托,对收集到的区域基础地质和水文地质资料进行了二次开发。并根据近三年来淮河流域环境地质调查项目新取得的水文地质钻孔资料、水化学及同位素样品分析结果,科学地对淮河流域平原区第四系含水层进行了划分和印证,结合项目阶段研究成果,对淮河流域平原区第四系含水层特征进行了初步分析和总结。     

微生物强化处理与堆制强化处理含油污泥对比试验

为探索含油污泥的高效处理方法,对含油量为12.68%的污泥进行微生物菌剂强化处理和堆制强化处理现场试验.在第1、15、30d分别向微生物强化处理单元投加微生物菌剂和营养液;同时向堆制强化单元投加10kg畜禽粪便来提供共降解物质,强化堆制处理过程.结果表明,微生物强化处理单元含油量持续下降,56d后下降至6.42%,去除率达到47%;强化堆制单元处理效果较好,56d后含油量下降至6.98%,去除率达到31%;对照单元含油量则变化很小,56d后含油量为10.15%.对照单元的pH基本保持不变,最高为8.28,最低为7.93,微生物强化处理单元pH最低达到7.33,一般稳定在7.8左右,菌剂的添加对pH影响明显.堆制强化处理单元温度随着农家肥的添加而剧烈升高,最高达到54℃.试验进行过程中监测了样品中微生物总数的变化情况.通过气谱-质谱分析,可以明显地看出2种方法处理后,含油污泥中石油成分的差异,对碳原子数小于21的烃类有着良好的去除效果.