单合成衬层填埋场渗漏检测的多介质模型

建立了填埋场渗漏检测高压直流电法模型,将单衬层填埋场看作水平方向为无穷大的3 层均匀介质,上层为垃圾层,中间层为人工合成衬层,下层为土壤层;漏洞电流视为电流流入端的负电流源和电流流出端的正电流源;介质中任意检测点的感应电势是膜上漏洞面电流源和膜下漏洞面电流源以及膜上供电电极电流源在该点感应电势的叠加.漏洞电流与供电回路电流之间的关系分析表明,流经漏洞的电流(I₀)占总电流(I_s )的比例(f₀)随着填埋场底部面积的增加而减小,当填埋场底部面积≤3600m² 时,I₀ 占I_s 的90%以上,而当场底面积增为10⁵m² 时,I₀ 仅占I_s 的55%.根据独立作用原理,分析了多漏洞情况下各层介质中的电势分布并进行了试验验证.     

东海毛颚动物多样性指数H'的分布

根据1997～2000年在东海(27°～32°N,128°E以西)的大型浮游动物垂直拖网调查结果,对陆架区毛颚动物多样性指数分布现状进行分析和探讨.结果表明海区多样性指数以冬季最高,夏秋季次之,夏季第三,春季最低;平面分布格局大致呈近海向外海、北部向南部递增的趋势;多样性指数主要取决东海暖水、黑潮和东海沿岸水的消长,反映了不同季节群落结构时空分布的动态变化过程.     

铊在矿物胶体和天然有机质界面上迁移转化行为的研究进展

铊(Tl)是典型的毒害重金属元素之一,对生物体的毒性高于Hg、Cd和Pb等元素。铊在天然水环境相关介质中的背景含量较低,但可通过各种工业活动大量进入水体环境,借由水体迅速迁移扩散,对生态系统造成巨大的环境隐患。本文总结了铊在水体中的分布特征,并重点阐述了铊在矿物胶体和天然有机质(腐殖酸)等界面上迁移转化行为的研究进展。研究表明,铁(氢)氧化物、锰(氢)氧化物均能在一定程度上吸附水体中的Tl(I),铊在一些锰(氢)氧化物表面的吸附行为可能会涉及Tl(I)在矿物表面的氧化还原机制。矿物表面对铊离子的吸附作用不仅与矿物的组成成分有关,还可能与矿物组成成分的晶型结构密切相关。天然有机质对铊迁移转化影响作用的研究目前主要偏重天然腐殖酸对铊的络合作用。因此,要加强的研究铊分别在不同种类、不同晶型的矿物和不同类型的天然有机质界面上的迁移转化行为,并借助高精度的价态和结构分析手段从分子水平上探讨其迁移转化机理。了解铊在水体中的迁移转化有助于深入认识铊的环境地球化学行为,并为研究铊的污染治理提供理论基础。     

Pseudomonas sp. GL1利用不同预处理污泥产氢及其底物变化研究

采用厌氧发酵的方法研究Pseudomonas sp.GL1利用灭菌、微波和超声波预处理污泥产氢效果,讨论3种预处理污泥产氢效果的差异,并对污泥发酵过程中底物性质变化(SCOD、可溶性蛋白质、总糖和pH值等)进行了探讨.实验结果显示,产氢菌Pseudomonas sp.GL1发酵各预处理污泥过程中均只有H2和CO2产生,无CH4产生.3种不同预处理污泥同等条件下发酵,灭菌污泥的产氢效果最佳,氢气含量高达81.45%,产氢率为30.07mL·g-1.超声波处理污泥产氢延迟时间最短(3 h);灭菌污泥最长(15 h);微波预处理污泥为12 h.在预处理污泥发酵产氢过程中,各种污泥性质变化情况各不相同,尤其是灭菌污泥,这说明不同的预处理方法影响Pseudomonas sp.GL1发酵过程对污泥中营养物质的利用.     

双金属和多金属系统对零价铁利用效率的改进

为解决Fe0-PRB(零价铁-渗透反应格栅)中Fe0利用效率低、易板结堵塞的问题,分别采用粒径为0.074 mm的试剂铁粉和0.150～0.270 mm的工业铁粉为反应介质,在铁粉表面负载不同比例的Cu或Ni制备Cu/Fe、Ni/Fe双金属和Cu/Ni/Fe多金属颗粒,研究Fe0、双金属和多金属系统去除Cr(Ⅵ)的性能、机制.结果表明:双金属和多金属系统的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率明显高于Fe0,试剂铁粉的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率明显高于工业铁粉.反应8 h达到平衡后,试剂铁粉和工业铁粉的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率仅为45%和20%,Cu/Fe双金属、Cu/Ni/Fe多金属的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率均能达到90%以上,以试剂铁粉和工业铁粉制备的Ni/Fe双金属的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率最高分别为76.6%和44.0%.不同负载率的双金属和多金属系统反应过程中可溶的ρ〔Cr(Ⅲ)〕较低.反应后溶液的pH从反应前的5.0升至10.0左右.反应初期ρ(TFe)(TFe为总铁)超过了0.30 mg/L,其余时间均达标.反应过程中ρ(Cu2+)均在0.40 mg/L以下,均未检测出Ni2+.研究显示,双金属和多金属系统显著提高了Fe0利用效率.      

典型西南工业城市柳州市核心区大气污染物时空分布与气象因素研究

为研究柳州市核心区大气污染物浓度时空变化规律与气象因素之间的关系,统计分析了2018年全年研究区内6个自动监测站点PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO的浓度监测数据和气象站气象数据,并对28次超标日污染物来源进行了解析.结果显示:①核心区颗粒污染物污染较为严重,且以PM_(2.5)为主的细颗粒污染物仍为柳州市主要的大气污染物;各污染物月均浓度季节差异显著,除NO_2外柳州大气污染物浓度下降明显,指示柳州市多项节能减排综合整治措施成效显著;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO受早晚高峰期影响,浓度日变化均呈双峰型;NO_2在不同季节峰型不同,作为O_3前体物其浓度日变化与O_3相反,呈现"早峰午谷"的变化趋势.②通过对污染物浓度插值发现,由于核心区主要工商业区位于西部且处于主导风向下风向,故PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度西北高、东南低,PM_(10)、NO_2和CO浓度西南高、东北低;核心区东部的山区为O_3生成带来大量前体物,使O_3浓度东南高、西北低.③由于气候特征,核心区春、夏季主要气象因素均为降水量;秋季的主要气象因素是风速,风速与污染物的负相关关系表明了风的扩散效应;冬季大部分污染物与气象因素的相关性不显著,表明人为因素对污染物的影响大于气象因素;核心区大气污染物主要来源于局地排放和区域传输,且南北主导风向对大气污染影响最大.④HYSPLIT模型结果指示柳州超标日大气污染物主要来自于珠三角地区,且陆源颗粒物浓度普遍比海洋源高,来自南部的远距离输送气流颗粒物含量最低,表明远距离输送为影响颗粒物传播的主要原因.     

河北水库及湖泊沉积物中DDT农药的残留特征与风险评估

分析了河北省主要湖泊水库沉积物中有机氯农药(DDT)的残留特征与生态风险.2004年秋季采集了河北12个水库和2个湖泊的表层沉积物样品,利用GC-ECD测定DDTs农药的含量,在此基础上分析了其残留与组成特征以及生态风险.结果表明:1)河北省主要湖泊水库沉积物中DDTs的平均含量为3.328 ng·g-1,其含量范围为1.014～9.022 ng·g-1;并且,不同样品中DDTs的含量的差异较大,变异系数均超过65%.2)临城水库、陡河水库、龙门水库3个样点的表面沉积物中wDDT/(wDDD wDDE)＞1,表明有新的DDT输入;岗南水库、邱庄水库、黄壁庄水库3个样点的表面沉积物中wDDD/wDDE＞1,说明DDD降解环境为厌氧条件;其余8个样点wDDD/wDDE＜1,说明DDD降解环境为好氧条件.3)所有样点中DDT、DDD和DDE浓度均低于ERM,并且大部分小于ERL,表明其生态风险大多低于10%;但11个样点的DDTs含量介于ERL和ERM之间,表明其生态风险大多介于10%～50%.     

夏季渭河西安段溶解性有机质(DOM)的特征、分布及来源分析

通过紫外吸收光谱,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC)方法及主成分分析(PCA),研究了夏季渭河西安段水体中的溶解性有机质(DOM)的组成、来源,及其与水质指标的相关性.在研究区域共检出2种类别5个不同的DOM组分,分别为类腐殖质荧光组分C1、C2、C3、C5和1个类蛋白类荧光组分C4,5个组分具有...     

Enhancing the adsorption function of biochar by mechanochemical graphitization for organic pollutant removal

• Mechanochemical treatment reduced the calcination temperature for biochar synthesis. • Biochar is converted to graphite after mechanochemical treatment. • Biochar was reduced to nanoscale after mechanochemical treatment. Biochar (BC) has been extensively studied as adsorbent for the treatment of water pollution. Despite the distinct advantages, the high calcination temperature and low adsorption capacity of pristine BC limit its practical applications. Most of the former studies focused on the structure and/or surface modification to improve the adsorption capacity of BC. However, the harsh experiment conditions involved in the biochar modification limited the application in industrial level. Herein, we introduced mechanical treatment into BC preparation to reduce the calcination temperature and improve the adsorption capacity simultaneously. The results indicated that the calcination temperature was reduced and the adsorption capacity of the treated BC was improved after mechanochemical treatment. Characterization of the samples disclosed that BCs were graphitized with the particle size reduced to nanoscale after treatment. Adsorption tests indicated that the mechanochemically treated BCs showed much better removal performance of organic contaminants than that of pristine BCs. For instance, among four pristine BCs (BC600, BC700, BC800, and BC900), only BC900 has strong adsorption capacity for MB, while BC600 has low adsorption capacity (1.2 mg/g). By comparison, the adsorption capacity of MB increased greatly to 173.96 mg/g by BC600-500/1 (treated at 500 r/min for 1 hour). To optimize the mechanochemical treatment, the effects of rotation speed and agitation duration were also investigated.     

Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment

• Chlorine addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN from the sediment. • Chlorine has a long-term negative effect on microbial richness. • Usually enzymes lose activity, and expression of genes was downregulated. • Carbon degradation and nitrification might be strongly inhibited. Chlorine is often used in algal removal and deodorization of landscape waters, and occasionally used as an emergency treatment of heavily polluted sediments. However, the ecological impact of this practice has not been fully studied and recognized. In this study, NaClO at 0.1 mmol/g based on dry weight sediment was evenly mixed into the polluted sediment, and then the sediment was incubated for 150 days to evaluate its microbial effect. Results showed that NaClO addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN, Cr and Cu from the sediment. The microbial richness in the examined sediment decreased continuously, and the Chao1 index declined from 4241 to 2731, in 150 days. The microbial community composition was also changed. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased to 54.8% and 4.2% within 7 days compared to the control, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed gram-negative bacteria and aerobic bacteria enriched after chlorination. The functional prediction with PICRUSt2 showed the functions of the microbial community underwent major adjustments, and the metabolic-related functions such as carbon metabolism, including pyruvate and methane metabolisms were significantly inhibited; besides, 15 out of 22 analyzed key enzymes involved in C cycling and 6 out of 12 key enzymes or genes involved in N cycling were strongly impacted, and the enzymes and genes involved in carbon degradation and denitrification showed remarkable downregulation. It can be concluded that chlorination posed a seriously adverse effect on microbial community structure and function. This study deepens the understanding of the ecological effects of applying chlorine for environmental remediation.