沙尘暴PM2.5水溶和有机成分对巨噬细胞的损伤

用超纯水或二氯甲烷从甘肃省武威市和内蒙古包头市采集的沙尘暴细颗粒物(PM2.5)中提取水溶成分和有机成分,于体外处理大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞4h,测定细胞谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、质膜ATP酶活性、膜表层和膜脂疏水区流动性、胞质内游离钙离子(Ca2+)浓度以及细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性.结果表明,沙尘暴PM2.5水溶成分可抑制质膜Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶、Na+-K+-ATP酶活性,降低质膜表层和膜脂疏水区流动性,增加胞质LDH外渗,并使细胞脂质过氧化作用增强、抗氧化能力减弱,但对ACP和Ca2+浓度影响不大;有机成分除引起胞质LDH渗漏、质膜Na+-K+-ATP酶活性下降外,对其它测定指标的影响无统计学意义.说明沙尘暴PM2.5水溶和有机成分均可对肺泡巨噬细胞产生毒性,其中水溶成分的毒性作用大于有机成分.     

Pb2+、Cd2+和Cr(Ⅵ)抑制球形红细菌生长的毒性效应

运用评价化学品对水生生物毒性的标准方法,得到Pb2 、Cd2 和Cr(Ⅵ)对球形红细菌生长的最小无差异浓度(LNOEC)分别为85.9mgL-1、22.1mgL-1和17.7mgL-1.根据实验结果采用几率单位进行数据处理,得到抑制球形红细菌生长的96hEC50分别为195.0mgL-1、91.2mgL-1和77.6mgL-1,并对各剂量反应方程进行χ2检验,结果均符合精度要求,计算出的96hEC50真实可靠.研究结果表明,抑制球形红细菌生长的毒性由大到小的顺序是Cr(Ⅵ)>Cd2 >Pb2 .不同金属离子与细胞壁亲和性不同或能通过菌体内生物化学转化形成沉淀,可能是导致金属离子抑制球形红细菌生长毒性差异的主要原因.图1表2参15     

珍稀植物濒危机制及保育策略中的营养条件

首先简要论述了珍稀植物濒危的原因、濒危机制的各种理论和研究方法，包括就地保护和迁地保护两个方面的保育策略的制定与实践。然后着重从营养条件的角度对这些理论和现状进行了分析。认为濒危物种在其历史演化过程中存在的脆弱环节以及活植物迁地保护的评价标准均与营养条件密切相关，营养条件可能是某些物种濒危机制中的一个重要组成部分；营养条件方面的研究可以为保护区设立的大小提出指导性意见；珍稀植物迁地保护过程中应密切关注营养条件的影响；营养条件在一定程度上决定了对某些物种保育策略的制定；将分子生物学与植物营养学的研究方法相结合，将能成为珍稀植物濒危机制及保育策略研究中的一种有效手段。     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), which is more economical compared with the traditional method for nitrogen removal, is studied in this paper. In order to find the suitable conditions of this process, a mixed flow activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration is investigated, and some key control parameters are examined for nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater. The results show that SND is accessible when oxygen concentration is 0.3–0.8 mg/L. The nitrogen removal rate can be obtained up to 66.7% with solids retention time (SRT) of 45 d, C/N value of 10, and F/M ratio of 0.1 g COD/(g MLSS·d). Theoretical analysis indicates that SND is a physical phenomenon and governed by oxygen diffusion in flocs.     

牛肠激酶基因工程菌的构建、高密度发酵、纯化及活性鉴定

肠激酶（enterokinase，EK）是一种专一识别DDDDK氨基酸序列、并水解K后肽键的丝氨酸蛋白水解酶．根据GenBank序列进行人工合成牛肠激酶轻链基因cDNA，测序正确后将其插入甲醇酵母分泌型载体pPICZαA，得到重组质粒pPICZαA／EKL，重组载体经线性化后转化Pichia pastoris SMD1168H，筛选得到重组牛肠激酶轻链工程菌．分别对重组酵母工程菌进行高密度发酵、rEKL（recombinant enterokinase light chain，rEKL）纯化、N端序列测定、生物学活性鉴定等研究工作．结果表明，发酵上清中rEKL含量高，纯化的rEKL专一性强、无其他杂酶活性、N端15个氨基酸序列与文献报道一致．图5参17     

EoCM(绿色成本管理)理论及其在浙江省的实践

EoCM是德国技术合作公司专门为中小企业研制的环境管理工具,使企业获得经济效益、环境效益和组织管理效益。中德合作《浙江省企业环保咨询》支持的浙江省2004年EoCM示范项目成功实践表明:EoCM可以作为清洁生产审核的一种工具,能够帮助企业实现清洁生产,企业实施EoCM实现了“三赢”,而且还得到了5%的劳动场所改善和5%的产品质量改善。     

Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held responsible for both social costs and social duties. The public supervises social costs produced by enterprises discharging pollutant in EIA. However public participation is mostly deputized by governments, which severely weaken the independence of the public as one participant in EIA. In this paper, EIA refers to the different attitudes of the participants whose optional strategies may be described by a proper game model. According to disfigurements in EIA, three sides (governments, enterprises, and EIA organizations) dynamic iterative game theory, dynamic game theory of incomplete information, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory to analyze the reciprocity relation among governments, EIA organizations and enterprises. The results show that in a short period, economic benefit is preponderant over social benefit. Governments and enterprises both do not want to take EIA to reveal social costs. EIA organizations’ income comes from enterprises and the collusions are built between them to vindicate economic benefit. In a long run, social benefit loss caused by environmental pollution must be recuperated sooner or later and environmental deterioration will influence the achievements of economic benefit, so both governments and enterprises are certain to pursue high social benefit and willing to take EIA, helpful to increase private benefit. EIA organizations will make fair assessment when their economic benefit are ensured. At present, the public as silent victims can not take actual part in EIA. The EIA system must be improved to break the present equilibrium of three sides, bringing the public to the equilibrium to exert public supervision.     

给水气浮工艺浮渣絮凝调理的最佳条件

针对给水气浮浮渣,选用阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)以及聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(HCA)作絮凝剂,调理后进行离心脱水试验,研究絮凝调理的最佳条件。试验结果表明低pH值有利于4种絮凝剂对浮渣离心脱水性能的改善;对于4种絮凝剂,都存在着一个最佳絮凝条件,其中阴离子型和非离子型PAM的最佳絮凝条件较阳离子型PAM和HCA需要更高的混合和反应转速以及更长的混合和反应时间。     

有机废弃物农业利用的途径与技术简介

本文对我国有机废弃物农业利用的主要途径、技术措施及其发展趋势作了论述。