氯酚溶液的γ辐照还原降解研究

氯酚由于氯取代基产生的诱导效应,使其容易受到亲核粒子的攻击而被还原降解.通过测定γ辐照前后氯酚母体、Cl-离子以及反应中间产物的浓度变化,研究了4种氯酚水溶液(4-CP、2-CP、2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP)与水合电子ea-q反应的降解脱氯过程.结果表明,在水合电子ea-q还原体系中,4种氯酚的降解脱氯顺序依次为:2,4,6-TCP>2,4-DCP>2-CP>4-CP,多氯酚比单氯酚容易降解脱氯,邻位上的氯原子要比对位上的氯原子更容易去除,苯酚和Cl-是氯酚反应降解的最终产物.另外,4种氯酚的降解和脱氯过程皆遵循一级反应动力学特征,4-CP、2-CP、2,4-DCP和2,4,6-TCP的降解反应常数分别是0.154、0.253、0.750和1.188 kGy-1,脱氯反应常数分别为0.137、0.219、0.251和0.306 kGy-1.     

菜地氨挥发损失及影响因素原位研究

为获得菜地氨挥发通量和氨挥发损失率,并探讨其与环境影响因素之间的关系,于2009年1月～2009年5月,采用由风洞系统-大气气态污染物连续收集与在线分析装置和离子色谱联用组成的、时间分辨率为15min的氨挥发在线测定系统,用模拟试验方法对菜地(蔬菜上海青和生菜)施用尿素氨挥发特征进行研究.结果表明,系统氨气收集效率为(...     

天津地区土壤中DDT的残留分布研究

采集了覆盖整个天津地区的188个土壤表层样品,并分析了样品中p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD 和 o,p′-DDT等6种DDT代谢产物.结果表明p,p′-DDT 和 p,p′-DDE是表土中的主要污染物,其平均残留量分别为27 5和 18 8 ng@g -1.不同类型土壤∑DDT差异不显著.污灌区与非污灌区内的样品中 DDT及其代谢产物的差异不显著,但1970-1980年DDT施用量较高的地区如今土壤中的残留量均较高.土壤理化性质如pH以及TOC对DDTs的残留量有较显著的影响.禁用20年以来,DDT的总体残留量水平仍较高,是否依然有间或使用,有待探讨.     

不同晶型铁氧化物Fenton和UV-Fenton降解橙Ⅱ的催化性能

选取了磁铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿3种不同晶型的铁氧化物,用XRD和BET进行了表征。将3种铁氧化物作为催化剂用于Fenton和UV-Fenton(254 nm UVC)降解偶氮染料橙II,测定了染料降解过程中溶液中铁离子浓度的变化规律,用于分析3种铁氧化物的催化过程。用单位比表面积反应速率常数(k/Ssur)评价了3种铁氧化物UV-Fenton催化降解橙Ⅱ的能力,以揭示UV-Fenton体系中铁氧化物晶型与催化性能的关系。结果表明,Fenton体系中,磁铁矿能通过表面固有的2价铁催化产生羟基自由基降解橙Ⅱ,其催化能力高于针铁矿和赤铁矿;UV-Fenton体系中,磁铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿催化降解橙Ⅱ的单位比表面积反应速率常数分别为0.048 8 g/(m2·min)、0.023 4 g/(m2·min)和0.001 0 g/(m2·min),可见磁铁矿的催化能力明显高于针铁矿和赤铁矿;UV-Fenton体系中,磁铁矿以多相反应为主,针铁矿以均相反应为主,而赤铁矿则是两者共同作用。研究表明,磁铁矿是多相铁氧化物UV-Fenton催化剂的理想晶型,同时也是合成新型多相光助-芬顿催化剂理想的活性组分。     

生物表面活性剂对东海原甲藻生长的影响

以东海原甲藻为实验材料,研究了铜绿假单胞菌产鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂对藻细胞的抑制和杀藻作用.结果表明,鼠李糖脂在较低浓度下对东海原甲藻的生长有明显的抑制效果,增大用量,可直接杀灭藻细胞.生长延滞期的藻细胞对鼠李糖脂的作用更为敏感.在相同实验条件下,鼠李糖脂对绿藻生长的影响基本可以忽略,在低浓度下对中肋骨条藻和湛江叉鞭金藻生长的影响也很弱,鼠李糖脂的浓度增至5.0mg/L 以上时,对中肋骨条藻和湛江叉鞭金藻的生长表现出一定的抑制作用.     

Distribution characteristics of total mercury and methylmercury in the topsoil and dust of Xiamen, China

The levels and distribution of mercury (Hg) species, including total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the topsoil and dust collected from twenty sampling stations located in di erent land function areas of Xiamen, China, were investigated. The THg concentrations in topsoil ranged from 0.071 to 1.2 mg/kg, and in dust ranged from of 0.034 to 1.4 mg/kg. For stations where the THg of dust was less than 0.31 mg/kg, THg concentrations in the topsoil were significantly correlated to those in the corresponding dust (r = 0.597, n = 16, P = 0.014). The MeHg concentrations in topsoil were varied between 0.14 and 5.7 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the topsoil ranged from 0.069% to 0.74%. The range of MeHg concentration in the dust were 0.092–2.3 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the dust were at the same level as those in the topsoil. The MeHg concentrations in both topsoil and dust were linked to corresponding THg concentrations and soil organic matter. Neither THg nor MeHg concentration in the topsoil and dust was obviously linked to the land function.     

重金属对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长的抑制效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤中铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长抑制率以及草甸棕壤条件下重金属复合污染的生态效应.结果表明,重金属对西红柿根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.土壤重金属明显低于水体重金属对西红柿根伸长的抑制.抑制率大小排列为红壤>>草甸棕壤>栗钙土>暗棕壤.铜、锌、铅、镉对西红柿根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质、土壤凯氏氮、全钾含量显著线性负相关(P=0.05);与土壤pH值和土壤全磷含量线性不相关(P=0.05).重金属复合污染对西红柿根伸长表现为协同作用和拮抗作用.     

蛤蟆通河流域地下水化学特征及控制因素

为研究蛤蟆通河流域水化学特征及主要离子来源,2017年先后采集地下水样品59组,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了蛤蟆通流域地下水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了蛤蟆通流域的水化学演化规律及主要离子来源.结果表明,该区地下水阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主,占阳离子总量的质量分数为22. 1%～72. 4%,平均为48. 7%;阴离子以HCO_3~-为主,占阴离子总量的质量分数为35. 3%～97. 5%,平均为80%; TDS介于93. 3～521. 1 mg·L~(-1),平均值为219. 1 mg·L~(-1),均为淡水;地下水类型以HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca·Na型水为主;地下水样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;通过离子来源分析,该区主要离子来源于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化溶解.     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.     

有机改性膨润土对压载水入侵生物的治理研究

采用十六烷基三甲基铵(HDTMA+)改性膨润土为絮凝材料,以赤潮生物塔马亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)、常见海洋微藻新月菱形藻(Nitzchia closterium),明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)为有害生物对象,通过透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)观察HDTMA+与膨润土的反应机制,探讨了改性膨润土对压载水中有害生物的去除效果。结果表明:HDTMA+通过离子交换和表面吸附作用与膨润土发生了有效结合,改性后的有机膨润土具有较强的去除有害生物的能力。当有机膨润土的用量为0.030 g/L时,24 h内对塔马亚历山大藻的去除率大于85%,用量为0.060 g/L,新月菱形藻的去除率接近80%,并且浓度为0.30 g/L时发光菌已无法显示发光强度,而未经改性处理的原土在相同用量下没有表现出明显的去除作用。反应温度、老化时间、HDTMA+用量以及溶液的盐度、有机膨润土粒径等条件是影响有害生物去除效率的重要因素。