双锥度锥形模设计

在冷镦生产中 ,当零件的头部变形较大时 ,通常采用大料及缩径的加工方法。使用该方法冷镦凹模寿命低。通过理论分析和大量的实验后 ,成功地采用双锥度锥形模加普通凹模的生产方式 ,生产头部变形较大的零件 ,取得了良好的效果 ,大大降低了零件的生产成本。     

街道峡谷对近地层风场影响的观测和模拟分析

城市街道峡谷结构对近地面边界层的风场环流等气象要素具有重要影响,可导致城市局地空气污染分布发生变化.随着城市化发展及城市空气质量变化,街道峡谷的城市空气污染影响日益突出,分析街道峡谷内部风场成为认识和治理我国城市空气污染的一条重要途径.鉴于目前我国鲜有城市街道尺度大气边界层精细气象观测研究,本文分析了美国俄克拉荷马大学的街道峡谷精细气象观测数据及其FLUENT模拟.结果表明:街道峡谷内风场结构变化依赖大气背景风向,当背景风向平行于街道峡谷走向时,街谷两岸风速几乎没有差异,而在背景风向垂直于街道峡谷走向时,由于高空风进入街谷形成的涡旋气流对街道峡谷风场有补充作用,峡谷两侧中层高度风场差异变大,风速差值大约为0.5 m·s~(-1),且街道峡谷两岸风速差异得到了FLUENT模式的验证,但模式对迎风岸的风速模拟存在高估,模拟的中层高度处两岸风速差值为1.6 m·s~(-1).观测资料分析揭示大气边界层稳定度条件对街道峡谷内风场分布也有很大影响,中性稳定条件下街道峡谷两岸近地层风速差异最大,输送进入峡谷空间的风速增量比原峡谷内风速大约高1倍,其它稳定度条件下街谷两岸风速差异被削弱.     

邯郸市PM2.5中碳组分的浓度、来源及其变化

为明确邯郸市PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染浓度、来源和近年来的变化,分别于2015和2017年1、4、7、10月在河北工程大学能环实验楼4层采集PM_(2.5)样品,采用热/光碳分析仪测定了样品中8种碳组分含量,并计算得到有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、Char-EC和Soot-EC含量.结果表明,2017年PM_(2.5)中碳组分浓度较2015年下降约15%,质量分数下降约17%,季节变化均表现为冬高夏低的特点;2017年SOC浓度和SOC/PM_(2.5)、SOC/OC比值均低于2015年,SOC浓度和SOC/PM_(2.5)比值下降约36%,季节分布特征相似(秋冬高、春夏低).两年除夏季外,其余季节OC、EC相关系数均高于0.7,表明存在共同来源;2017年OC、OC1与EC相关性高于2015年,此外,两年中EC1～EC3、Char-EC和Soot-EC与各组分相关系数差异较大;两年中Char-EC与OC、EC的相关性(r=0.5～1.0)明显高于Soot-EC与OC、EC的相关性(r=0.1～0.6),这主要与二者形成机理有关.碳组分之间的关系和主成分分析结果表明,燃煤、生物质燃烧和柴油车尾气的混合源是2015年碳质组分的主要来源,而2017年则来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放.     

三峡水库上空甲烷浓度时空变化及与水库甲烷通量的关系

2010年,对三峡水库水-气界面上空05m处和岸边甲烷的浓度进行全年的观测,并采用静态浮箱-气相色谱法测定水库水-气界面上的甲烷通量,研究了三峡水库上空的甲烷浓度的背景值及其与甲烷排放强度之间的关系。结果表明：三峡水库上空甲烷浓度的年平均值为2216±0224 mL/m3,岸边甲烷浓度的年平均值为2211±0206 mL/m3,两者差异不显著;除夏季时云阳上空的甲烷浓度较高外（2850 mL/m3）,其余地点上空的甲烷浓度都接近年平均值;三峡水库上空的甲烷浓度存在明显的空间差异,上游地区（云阳）上空的甲烷浓度（231±033 mL/m3）显著高于下游地区（秭归：214±013 mL/m3,巫山：220±018 mL/m3）,坝后河流（三斗坪：221±016 mL/m3）上空的甲烷浓度高于坝前秭归处,但差异不显著。这一格局与水库中甲烷通量的空间变异基本相同,即从上游到下游（云阳、巫山、秭归）江面上甲烷通量依次为0454,0260和0115 mg/（m2·h）,呈下降趋势,坝后三斗坪处的甲烷通量（0280 mg/（m2·h））显著高于坝前秭归处通量,这表明：水库的水-气界面上的甲烷排放强度是影响水库上空甲烷浓度变化的主要因素     

高压盘式封堵作业安全控制措施

分析了高压盘式封堵作业从开挖封堵作业坑、氮气试压、密闭开孔、旧管线焊接盲板、管线连头作业、管沟回填作业等6个工序的风险,结合实践提出安全控制措施。     

不同磁性金属丝对丙烷爆炸反应抑制机理研究

为探究不同材质金属丝自身磁性差异对抑制气体爆炸的影响,在密闭圆形管道中进行丙烷-空气爆炸实验,采取爆炸瞬态压力测试、产物组成色谱检测和数值模拟机理分析相结合的方法进行探究。结果表明:与填装非磁性铝丝组相比,铁磁性铁丝组爆炸压力峰值更低;产物中一氧化碳和二氧化碳含量减少,残余丙烷和生成烃类物质种类和含量均增多;模拟分析得到温度敏感性基元反应R96,R1,R334,R276,R396,R254促进温度升高,R104,R409,R19,R358抑制温度升高;铁磁性的铁丝可能由于自身的感应磁场效应使其抑制自由基反应较铝丝更为有效。研究方法将产物分析与数值模拟相结合,对分析爆炸特性和抑爆机理具有参考意义。     

自航式海上溢油回收装置研究

对当前国内外常用的海上溢油回收装置进行了总结和分析,传统的海上溢油回收装置在开放海域大型溢油事故的处理中有着较好的效果,但在处理近岸海域的溢油时,由于受近岸海洋环境因素的影响,其效果不甚理想。提出了一种小型自航式海上溢油回收装置,通过定位信号的引导,能够应用于近岸区域溢油的自动回收。介绍了该装置的主要结构和工作原理,分析了装置的适用性。     

Phosphorus mobilization from various sediment pools in response to increased pH and silicate concentration

Phosphorus (P) release from sediment particles to the interstitial water has been studied extensively, but the contribution of different inorganic P pools in sediment under differing environmental conditions is not fully understood. This study was undertaken to get more detailed information about the chemical mobilization mechanisms. Phosphorus mobilization from reserves bound by Al, Fe, and Ca compounds in response to increased pH and to inorganic silicon (Si) enrichments was investigated using a sequential fractionation analysis and an isotope-labeling technique. The aerobic sediment of Lake Vesij?rvi had a high P retention capacity, and Fe-bound P was the largest inorganic P pool as well as the main source of released P. High Si addition (47 mg Si L-1 sediment) released more P to the interstitial water than did the elevation of pH from 6.6 to 9.5, since Si lowered the resorption of released P onto hydrated Al oxides. This finding reveals that P equilibrium between Fe-bound and Al-bound P in sediments regulates P net mobilization to the interstitial water under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, elevated pH combined with high Si enrichment had a positive synergistic effect, resulting in the most substantial P mobilization. This synergism may cause a self-fueled increase in the internal loading of P. It accentuates the effect of diatom sedimentation on P fluxes in eutrophic lakes with high pH and may favor the appearance of bloom-forming cyanobacteria.     

Photochemical degradation and mineralization of 4-chlorophenol

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Since the intermediate products of some compounds can be more toxic and/or refractory than the original compund itself, the development of innovative oxidation technologies which are capable of transforming such compounds into harmless end products, is gaining more importance every day. Advanced oxidation processes are one of these technologies. However, it is necessary to optimize the reaction conditions for these technologies in order to be cost-effective. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this study were to see if complete mineralization of 4-chlorophenol with AOPs was possible using low pressure mercury vapour lamps, to make a comparison of different AOPs, to observe the effect of the existence of other ions on degradation efficiency and to optimize reaction conditions. METHODS: In this study, photochemical advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing the combinations of UV, UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/Fe2+ (photo-Fenton process) were investigated in labscale experiments for the degradation and mineralization of 4-chlorophenol. Evaluations were based on the reduction of 4-chlorophenol and total organic carbon. The major parameters investigated were the initial 4-chlorophenol concentration, pH, hydrogen peroxide and iron doses and the effect of the presence of radical scavengers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It was observed that the 4-chlorophenol degradation efficiency decreased with increasing concentration and was independent of the initial solution pH in the UV process. 4-chlorophenol oxidation efficiency for an initial concentration of 100 mgl(-1) was around 89% after 300 min of irradiation in the UV process and no mineralization was achieved. The efficiency increased to > 99% with the UV/H2O2 process in 60 min of irradiation, although mineralization efficiency was still around 75% after 300 min of reaction time. Although the H2O2/4-CP molar ratio was kept constant, increasing initial 4-chlorophenol concentration decreased the treatment efficiency. It was observed that basic pHs were favourable in the UV/H2O2 process. The results showed that the photo-Fenton process was the most effective treatment process under acidic conditions. Complete disappearance of 100 mgl(-1) of 4-chlorophenol was achieved in 2.5 min and almost complete mineralization (96%) was also possible after only 45 min of irradiation. The efficiency was negatively affected from H2O2 in the UV/H2O2 process and Fe2+ in the photo-Fenton process over a certain concentration. The highest negative effect was observed with solutions containing PO4 triple ions. Required reaction times for complete disappearance of 100 mgl(-1) 4-chlorophenol increased from 2.5 min for an ion-free solution to 30 min for solutions containing 100 mgl(-1) PO4 triple ion and from 45 min to more than 240 min for complete mineralization. The photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol was found to follow the first-order law. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that UV irradiation alone can degrade 4-CP, although at very slow rates, but cannot mineralize the compound. The addition of hydrogen peroxide to the system, the so-called UV/H2O2 process, significantly enhances the 4-CP degradation rate, but still requires relatively long reaction periods for complete mineralization. The photo-Fenton process, the combination of homogeneous systems of UV/H2O2/Fe2+ compounds, produces the highest photochemical elimination rate of 4-CP and complete mineralization is possible to achieve in quite shorter reaction periods when compared with the UV/H2O2 process. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: It is more cost effective to use these processes for only purposes such as toxicity reduction, enhancement of biodegradability, decolorization and micropollutant removal. However the most important point is the optimization of the reaction conditions for the process of concern. In such a case, AOPs can be used in combination with a biological treatment systems as a pre- or post treatment unit providing the cheapest treatment option. The AOP applied, for instance, can be used for toxicity reduction and the biological unit for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal.     

Context-dependent evaluation of climate change policies: competing policies,knowledge and emotions

Climate change policies can compete with policies on other social and environmental problems for limited economic resources. This paper investigates the potential influence of alternative policies on citizens’ preferences for climate change policies. A contingent valuation study was implemented to estimate the impact of observable and unobservable contextual effects of competing polices on climate change valuation. Individuals are also investigated about their endowment of knowledge and emotional reactions to such problems. The results show that citizens’ valuation of climate change policies crucially depends on the context-dependent competing policies. The valuation rises as the number of competing policies increases. This increment becomes economically significant when the competing policies are related to specific problems such as forest fires and development. In addition, the valuation also rises with the amount of knowledge endowed by the individual about the climate change problem, and with the experience of negative emotions such as fear and sadness.