高浓度油田压裂废水降低CODCr的预处理方法

针对高浓度油田压裂废水黏度高、浊度大、含油量高等特点,强化预处理工艺,降低CODCr值。文章通过实验证明了强氧化剂(Fenton试剂)与混凝剂PAC+PAM相结合的工艺可有效降低高浓度含油废水CODCr值,进而通过Fenton试剂与混凝剂的投药量、pH值等因素对高浓度油田压裂废水的影响进行分析,得出采用该化学预处理方法出水水质清澈,可直接进入生化处理系统进行后续处理。     

广东典型湿地环境沉积物及鱼体中多环芳烃的污染特征及风险评估

为了解广东典型湿地环境表层沉积物及鱼体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,分别于2014年10月和2015年4月采集沉积物及鱼类样品,分析其中16种US EPA优控多环芳烃的主要来源和风险。结果表明,广东典型湿地环境表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量范围为139.4～1 134.3 ng·g~(-1)干重,鱼类肌肉中多环芳烃含量范围为11.1～33.9 ng·g~(-1)湿重。表层沉积物中有机碳与不同环数的多环芳烃含量均呈现显著的正相关关系。来源分析的结果表明,研究区域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的主要来源为石油排放及燃烧来源的混合。风险评估的结果表明,该区域表层沉积物中多环芳烃存在一定的生态风险,需引起重视;通过食用鱼类造成的致癌风险为2.25×10~(-6)～4.23×10~(-6),略高于美国环保局(US EPA)推荐的可接受风险(10~(-6)),存在一定的潜在致癌风险。对于成年人来说,研究区域鱼类肌肉中多环芳烃产生致癌风险允许的最大日食用量(CR_(lim))范围为124.5～234.6 g·d~(-1),尽管食用这几种鱼的致癌风险不大,居民摄入时仍应加以控制。     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

Agricultural ammonia emissions inventory and spatial distribution in the North China Plain

An agricultural ammonia (NH₃) emission inventory in the North China Plain (NCP) on a prefecture level for the year 2004, and a 5 × 5 km² resolution spatial distribution map, has been calculated for the first time. The census database from China's statistics datasets, and emission factors re-calculated by the RAINS model supported total emissions of 3071 kt NH₃-N yr⁻¹ for the NCP, accounting for 27% of the total emissions in China. NH₃ emission from mineral fertilizer application contributed 1620 kt NH₃-N yr⁻¹, 54% of the total emission, while livestock emissions accounted for the remaining 46% of the total emissions, including 7%, 27%, 7% and 5% from cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, and poultry, respectively. A high-resolution spatial NH₃ emissions map was developed based on 1 × 1 km land use database and aggregated to a 5 × 5 km grid resolution. The highest emission density value was 198 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹.     

The effect of soil organic matter on fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil: A microcosm study

A microcosm study was conducted to address the influences of air-soil partition and sequestration on the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Sterilized and unsterilized soils with soil organic carbon (SOC) content ranging from 0.23 to 7.06% were incubated in a chamber with six PAHs supplied through air. After 100 d of incubation when the system approached pseudo-steady state, the PAHs concentrations in the unsterilized soils still correlated with SOC significantly, while the association did not exist for those sterilized. The lower degradation rate in the soil with higher SOC was likely the major reason for the association between SOC and PAHs concentrations, while the decreased surface porosity likely suppressed such correlation for the sterilized samples. The results indicated that the sequestration was likely the major mechanism for the accumulation of PAHs in soils, while both of the soil porosity and PAHs properties had observed influences.     

Quantifying the influence of humic acid adsorption on colloidal microsphere deposition onto iron-oxide-coated sand

This article describes an approach for quantifying microsphere deposition onto iron-oxide-coated sand under the influence of adsorbed Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA). The experimental technique involved a triple pulse injection of model latex microspheres (microspheres) in pulses of (1) microspheres, followed by (2) SRHA, and then (3) microspheres, into a column filled with iron-coated quartz sand as a water-saturated porous medium. A random sequential adsorption model (RSA) simulated the gradual rise in the first (microsphere) breakthrough curve (BTC). Using the same model calibration parameters a dramatic increase in concentration at the start of the second particle BTC, generated after SRHA injection, could be simulated by matching microsphere concentrations to extrapolated RSA output. RSA results and microsphere/SRHA recoveries showed that 1 μg of SRHA could block 5.90 ± 0.14 × 10⁹ microsphere deposition sites. This figure was consistent between experiments injecting different SRHA masses, despite contrasting microsphere deposition/release regimes generating the second microsphere BTC.     

填埋场不同深度垃圾土反复直剪实验研究

根据垃圾土颗粒大、纤维质多等性质,自行研发了适合垃圾土的反复直剪仪,进行了垃圾土的反复剪切实验。通过对比3组不同深度垃圾土样的反复剪切实验数据,总结出垃圾土的反复剪切性质,得出反复剪切的破环强度、峰值强度和残余强度,并根据破环强度值得出垃圾土的c、φ参数。对比国外填埋场失稳反演得出的垃圾土强度,得出以剪切应变ε=10%作为垃圾土强度的取值。     

水力停留时间对阴离子交换膜生物反应器去除硝酸盐的影响

考察了水力停留时间(HRT)对阴离子交换膜生物反应器去除硝酸盐的影响。实验结果表明,当进水NO3-浓度在113.96~116.01 mg/L范围内,HRT从11.12 h降低到4.82 h,硝酸盐去除率降低,但出水中NO3--N浓度符合我国饮用水水质标准中10 mg/L的要求(NO3-浓度≤44.29 mg/L)。厌氧生物反应器具有良好的反硝化性能,出水NO3-浓度低于20 mg/L。硝酸盐膜通量随着HRT的增加而增加,出水pH值稳定在7左右。     

微波辐射Bi_2O_3/沸石-H_2O_2体系降解废水中的硝基苯

研究了微波辐射下,以负载于沸石上的三氧化二铋为催化剂,以双氧水为氧化剂的催化氧化体系处理硝基苯工艺。通过单因素实验法,从反应催化剂负载量、pH、双氧水用量、微波功率、反应时间、催化剂用量等方面初步考察了硝基苯在该体系中的催化氧化效果。在氧化铋负载量3%(质量比),pH=2,2 mL 30%双氧水,火力为中火,催化剂投加量为0.7 g,反应2 m in,对降解过程所得的中间产物和终产物进行了分析。结果表明,该体系对硝基苯的去除率能够达到99.2%,COD去除率为73.91%。     

溶藻放线菌改性制剂对铜绿微囊藻的控藻能力研究

采用喷雾干燥法制备了一种溶藻放线菌粉剂,此粉剂按1∶10 000的质量比投加4 d后对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效率可达90%,该粉剂经过壳聚糖改性处理后,在1∶20 000的质量投加比下,0.5 h即可絮凝去除90%的藻细胞,4 d后的溶藻效率仍可达80%。由于既能快速絮凝除藻,又能长效溶藻,使得改性溶藻放线菌粉剂具有更为广阔的应用前景。