知识经济与环保产业的发展

本文分析了环保科技与产业化发展的关系,以及知识经济给环保产业带来的巨大影响。环保产业具有带动环保科学研究、促进可持续工业产业和农业产业发展的功能,环保产业是社会进入工业化阶段更需要的产业,是极具生命力的新型产业。     

125MW相组现状及发展趋势

在刚过去的"十五"期间,我国电力工业发展迅速,基本满足了国民经济和社会发展对电力的需求.发电装机容量已居世界第二位,电力装备水平有了很大提高,大容量、高参数、环保型机组快速增长,电网覆盖面和现代化程度不断提高.我国电力工业已经进入大电网、大机组、西电东送、南北互济、全国联网新的发展阶段,电力生产已从紧缺转变为相对过剩.浙江省发电企业在经历了四年缺电及近期电源的超常规的发展,省内机组平均利用小时将开始呈下降趋势.同时随着目前大容量高参数机组不断投运,125MW机组容量小、能耗高、生存能力弱的缺点已充分体现,在即将正式投运的华东电力市场中处于劣势已是不争的事实,给纯发电型125MW容量发电企业的生存及经营带来了危机,要使他们能继续生存和发展下去必须另辟蹊径.     

基于Landsat 8 OLI数据的树种类型分布提取

树种分布是林业调查工作中的关键环节,遥感影像中对树种信息的提取具有重要意义。论文以福建省长汀县为研究区,收集2016年3月美国陆地卫星影像(Landsat 8 OLI)数据,提出基于知识库的图像膨胀分类方法,结合不同树种类型分布点的影像像元灰度与影像不同波段的重新排列,对杉类、松类、竹类与阔叶树类4个类型提取分布信息,结合地面验证坐标点进行精度评价,同时与专家知识分类法比较。结果显示图像膨胀法结合了地物分布特征与光谱信息,在Landsat 8 OLI影像中是可行的,并提高了精度,整体精度为83.01%,Kappa系数为0.77,与专家知识分类法相比分别提高了8.25%、0.11。该研究为快速精确地使用Landsat 8 OLI影像提取树种分布信息具有一定参考。     

三唑磷降解对水稻叶绿素含量的影响

采用田间试验方法,系统研究了内2优6号、秀水09两个水稻品种生殖生长前期经过喷施不同浓度三唑磷(2 250 mL hm-2、4 500 mL hm-2)后水稻叶绿素含量动态变化及其相关性.结果表明,喷施三唑磷对水稻叶绿素含量产生了影响,其效应随施药浓度增加而增大.三唑磷对叶绿素作用的时效在品种间存在差异,内2优6号和秀水09分别为<20 d和>20 d,具体表现为施药后d 1,所有水稻品种的喷施处理与对照无显著性差异,施药后d 3～14,与对照相比内2优6号和秀水09分别表现为显著降低和增加,施药后d 21,则分别表现为不显著和显著增加.三唑磷降解率与叶绿素含量变化率之间总体存在相关性,但品种间存在显著差异,内2优6号和秀水09分别呈现负相关和正相关趋势.     

镉暴露对文蛤雄性生殖细胞的影响

以文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)为实验材料,采用体外暴露法进行镉染毒,镉离子浓度设置为0、1.5、3、6和12 mg·L-1.染毒5天后解剖取材,测量其精子浓度、运动能力、顶体酶活性和核DNA完整性;目的是从生理、生化和分子生物学角度综合评价镉对文蛤雄性生殖细胞的影响.实验结果表明,文蛤精子浓度、运动能力、顶体酶、DNA完整性均在镉浓度小于成体半致死浓度的情况下,与镉浓度呈现出显著的剂量-效应关系.对镉离子的敏感性分别为:DNA完整性＞精子浓度＞顶体酶活性＞快速运动比例＞运动比例.文蛤雄性生殖细胞的生理、生化指标均可作为重金属镉污染海洋贝类毒性效应的指示物.     

Metabolomics identifying biomarkers of PM2.5 exposure for vulnerable population: based on a prospective cohort study

Long-term exposure to particular matter (PM), especially fine PM (< 2.5 μm in the aerodynamic diameter, PM_2.5), is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the association between long-term exposure to PM_2.5/PM₁₀ and the metabolic change in the plasma. Specifically, using metabolomics, we sought to identify the biomarkers for the vulnerable subgroup to PM_2.5 exposure. A total of 78 college student volunteers were recruited into this prospective cohort study. All participants received 8 rounds of physical examinations at twice quarterly. Air purifiers were placed in 40 of 78 participants’ dormitories for 14 days. Before and after intervention, physical examinations were performed and the peripheral blood was collected. Plasma metabolomics was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. During the follow-up, the average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 53 μg/m³ and 93 μg/m³, respectively. Totally, 42 and 120 differential metabolic features were detected for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 exposure, respectively. In total, 25 differential metabolites were identified for PM_2.5 exposure, most of which were phospholipids. No distinctive metabolites were found for PM₁₀ exposure. A total of 6 differential metabolites (lysoPC (P-20:0), lysoPC (P-18:1(9z)), lysoPC (20:1), lysoPC (O-16:0), choline, and found 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one) were characterized and confirmed for sensitive individuals. Importantly, we found LysoPC (P-20:0) and LysoPC (P-18:1(9z)) changed significantly before and after air purifier intervention. Our results indicated that the phospholipid catabolism was involved in long-term PM_2.5 exposure. LysoPC (P-20:0) and LysoPC (P-18:1(9z)) may be the biomarkers of PM_2.5 exposure.

     

原子荧光法测定生物体中As消解条件改进探讨

以HNO3-H2SO4-HCIO4混合酸进行消解样品,氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定生物体中As。本法克服了以HNO3-HCIO4混合酸放置过夜、消解不完全和消解慢等弊端,同时研究了消解方法、酸度、还原剂浓度以及干扰离子等对测定的影响。通过对标准样品消解测定,测定结果满意,相对标准偏差为2.3%,完全满足生物体中As的分析要求,具有分析速度快、操作简便、检验效率高等优点。     

N-亚硝胺在不同处理工艺污水处理厂中的分布及其

以6种典型N-亚硝胺(NAs)为研究对象,基于质量浓度监测数据系统研究了它们在3种不同处理工艺的污水处理厂中的分布及其去除规律,并分析了它们在受纳河水中的污染概况及来源.结果表明,6种NAs在3种不同处理工艺污水处理厂各工艺段废水中普遍存在,其中主要污染物为NPIP、NDMA和NPYR,质量浓度水平为几十到几百ng·L-1. 3种不同处理工艺的污水处理厂都能对NAs起到一定的去除效果,其中改良A~2/O和A~2/O+MBR对NAs的去除效果较好,总体去除率分别为95%和63%,主要依靠生化阶段的微生物降解和转化.在过滤、MBR和消毒阶段,废水处理体系中NAs前驱物经一系列反应后会形成一定的NAs增量. 6种NAs在受纳河流的表层水中也频繁检出,主要污染物和污水处理厂进水中的主要污染物一致,仍然是MDMA、NPIP和NPYR.受纳河流中的NAs来源广泛而复杂,包括污水处理厂尾水排入、未经处理的生活污水和工业废水以及工业区地表径流等的汇入.因此,应该通过增强污水收集和处理能力、优化污水处理工艺等措施减少NAs向受纳河流的输入.     

有机紫外吸收剂BP-3的厌氧污泥降解特性

2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮（BP-3）作为化学品添加剂广泛应用于防晒霜、化妆品和染色剂等个人护理品以及塑料制品,用于吸收紫外线防止皮肤晒伤、材料老化和腐蚀.经使用后BP-3随污水排放或者人类涉水活动直接或间接排放到受纳水环境.因BP-3属于疏水性化合物,进入水环境后更易于分配至污泥和沉积物等缺氧和厌氧环境,厌氧微生物降解是BP-3重要的自然消减过程.然而,目前BP-3在不同厌氧条件下的降解转化机制仍不清楚.本研究以城市污水处理厂厌氧污泥为接种体,对比分析了不同厌氧还原条件和碳源共代谢对BP-3厌氧降解转化的差异.研究结果表明,硝酸盐、硫酸盐还原条件抑制BP-3的厌氧降解,而额外添加混合碳源可促进BP-3的降解（最短降解半衰期为1.285 d）.通过对混合碳源体系厌氧菌群驯化培养,BP-3降解能力显著提高,降解半衰期缩短至0.734 d （10 mg·L^-1）.利用UPLC-QTOF-MS鉴定主要降解中间产物为2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮（BP-1）,推测其厌氧降解转化主要途径为去甲基化.筛查获得了一株BP-3高效厌氧降解单菌,通过16S rDNA测序比对确定为柠檬酸杆菌属兼性厌氧菌.     

Particulate matter and metals partitioning in highway rainfall-runoff

This study investigated the particulate matter (PM) and metals in highway dry deposition and rainfall-runoff as a function of hydrologic transport and settling on an event basis. Events were differentiated as mass-limited (ML) and flow-limited (FL). Results indicate that unique and separate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) relationships with turbidity occurred for ML and FL events. Sixty minutes of quiescent settling produced a single SSC-turbidity relationship for all events. ML events transport higher proportions of settleable and sediment PM while FL events transported relatively higher suspended PM. For batch clarification with one hour of settling, ML events had generally higher treatment efficiencies compared to FL events for the same settling conditions. Highway dry deposition PM was hetero-disperse and coarse (d _{50 m} = 304 μm). Results indicate that the acidic rainfall is not a significant contributor to metals in runoff but is capable of leaching metals from dry deposition PM into runoff. Partitioning in retained runoff resulted in a particulate-bound predominance for most metals except Ca and Mg. While the finer fraction of dry deposition PM (< 75 μm) generates the highest metal concentrations, the highest metal mass is associated with the coarser fraction (> 75 μm).