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61.
62.
ABM S. Khan Nigel N. Clark Gregory J. Thompson W. Scott Wayne Mridul Gautam Donald W. Lyon 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1404-1419
Abstract Heavy-duty diesel vehicle idling consumes fuel and reduces atmospheric quality, but its restriction cannot simply be proscribed, because cab heat or air-conditioning provides essential driver comfort. A comprehensive tailpipe emissions database to describe idling impacts is not yet available. This paper presents a substantial data set that incorporates results from the West Virginia University transient engine test cell, the E-55/59 Study and the Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study. It covered 75 heavy-duty diesel engines and trucks, which were divided into two groups: vehicles with mechanical fuel injection (MFI) and vehicles with electronic fuel injection (EFI). Idle emissions of CO, hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been reported. Idle CO2 emissions allowed the projection of fuel consumption during idling. Test-to-test variations were observed for repeat idle tests on the same vehicle because of measurement variation, accessory loads, and ambient conditions. Vehicles fitted with EFI, on average, emitted [~20 g/hr of CO, 6 g/hr of HC, 86 g/hr of NOx, 1 g/hr of PM, and 4636 g/hr of CO2 during idle. MFI equipped vehicles emitted ~35 g/hr of CO, 23 g/hr of HC, 48 g/hr of NOx, 4 g/hr of PM, and 4484 g/hr of CO2, on average, during idle. Vehicles with EFI emitted less idleCO, HC, and PM, which could be attributed to the efficient combustion and superior fuel atomization in EFI systems. Idle NOx, however, increased with EFI, which corresponds with the advancing of timing to improve idle combustion. Fuel injection management did not have any effect on CO2 and, hence, fuel consumption. Use of air conditioning without increasing engine speed increased idle CO2, NOx, PM, HC, and fuel consumption by 25% on average. When the engine speed was elevated from 600 to 1100 revolutions per minute, CO2 and NOx emissions and fuel consumption increased by >150%, whereas PM and HC emissions increased by ~100% and 70%, respectively. Six Detroit Diesel Corp. (DDC) Series 60 engines in engine test cell were found to emit less CO, NOx, and PM emissions and consumed fuel at only 75%of the level found in the chassis dynamometer data. This is because fan and compressor loads were absent in the engine test cell. 相似文献
63.
Khanna DR Sarkar P Gautam A Bhutiani R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,134(1-3):153-160
Various studies have been conducted in the past on the fresh waters related to the various aspects of limnology, physico-chemistry,
primary productivity, plankton etc. in relation to environmental conditions and ecology, flora and fauna of River Ganga. In
the present investigation some recent approach have been made to study the various parts of fishes like gill structures, scales
for age determination, length and weight of fish for growth assessments etc. The SEM study of scales in relation to pollution
and environmental conditions is a recent approach. At this stage, in the present study the scales of two most common fishes
found in the study stretch were involved to create a base line. 相似文献
64.
Sikka Priyanshi Behl Tapan Sharma Sanchay Sehgal Aayush Bhatia Saurabh Al-Harrasi Ahmed Singh Sukhbir Sharma Neelam Aleya Lotfi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(32):43021-43034
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Omega-3 fatty acids have been acknowledged for their number of holdings on an individual’s health. Not only in physical valuation but also in... 相似文献
65.
Sehgal Aayush Behl Tapan Kaur Ishnoor Singh Sukhbir Sharma Neelam Aleya Lotfi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(32):43102-43113
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Inflammasome activity plays a vital role in various non-microbial disease states correlated with prolonged inflammation. NLRP3 inflammasome function... 相似文献
66.
A study was carried out in Nawa tehsil of Nagaur district to assess the prevalence of dental fluorosis and its crippling effect
due to ingestion and prolonged exposure of fluoride over a long period of time. During the survey of the study area, high
concentration of fluoride (14.62 ppm) has been recorded. The presence of fluoride in quantities in excess of limits is a serious
matter of concern from a public health point of view. Due to higher fluoride level in groundwater, several cases of dental
fluorosis have appeared at alarming rate in the study area. The children’s teeth are damaged and are characterized by black
and brown stains as well as cracking and pitting of the teeth have been observed. In the study area, 93.12% population suffered
from dental fluorosis, and it was more prevalent in men (94.90%) than in women (90.00%). Dental fluorosis was also examined
according to different grades. Out of the total 72 afflicted, in the 4–16-year age group, 41.46% were suffering from Grade
I, Grade II was more prevalent in 33.85% of the 17–28-year age group and similarly Grade II was more prevalent in 39.13% of
the 29–40-year age group. In the age group of above 40 years, grade III and grade IV were more prevalent. Thus, in the higher
age group, the prevalence and severity of fluorosis is almost certainly due to longer exposure to fluoride. The major risk
factor consistently identified for dental fluorosis was the consumption of fluoridated drinks and fluoride supplements. Ingestion
of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C is effective in protection from fluoride toxicity to certain extent. 相似文献
67.
Observations on above ground litter decomposition and nutrient release in alpine ecosystem of the Himalaya were carried out.
Monthly variation was observed for above ground litter crop and it was higher in the protected sites (PR) when compared with
unprotected sites (UNPR). Turnover rate (TR) and time (TT) was also higher in PR sites and it corresponded to maximum net
accumulation of standing dead and litter biomass. This resulted into low litter disappearance and therefore, low nutrient
fluxes as well. Comparatively, potassium content was a maximum followed by N and OC in above ground crop of litter with significant
variation among the sites (P < 0.001 and 0.005, respectively). It was observed that only 9–12% litter of various categories was decomposed annually at
the rate of 0.1–0.13%. Overall, decomposition process was a maximum during active growth season and only 13.2–16.2% of total
litter was decomposed during the winter months (December–March). Release of OC and NPK to soil organic matter through the
decomposition of various litter types was also observed and the pattern of release was similar to that of disappearance channel.
All these parameters are reported and possible reasons are described in the present paper. 相似文献
68.
Liu YQ Keane M Ensell M Miller W Kashon M Ong TM Mauderly J Lawson D Gautam M Zielinska B Whitney K Eberhardt J Wallace W 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(1):60-66
Acetone extracts of engine exhaust particulate matter (PM) and of vapor-phase semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) collected from a set of 1998-2000 model year normal emitter diesel engine automobile or light trucks and from a set of 1982-1996 normal emitter gasoline engine automobiles or light trucks operated on the California Unified Driving Cycle at 22 [degree]C were assayed for in vitro genotoxic activities. Gasoline and diesel PM were comparably positive mutagens for Salmonella typhimurium strains YG1024 and YG1029 on a mass of PM extract basis with diesel higher on a mileage basis; gasoline SVOC was more active than diesel on an extracted-mass basis, with diesel SVOC more active on a mileage basis. For chromosomal damage indicated by micronucleus induction in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells), diesel PM expressed about one-tenth that of gasoline PM on a mass of extract basis, but was comparably active on a mileage basis; diesel SVOC was inactive. For DNA damage in V79 cells indicated by the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, gasoline PM was positive while diesel PM was active at the higher doses; gasoline SVOC was active with toxicity preventing measurement at high doses, while diesel SVOC was inactive at all but the highest dose. 相似文献
69.
Demonstration of sperm head shape abnormality and clastogenic potential of cypermethrin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kumar S Gautam AK Agarwal KR Shah BA Saiyad HN 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2004,25(2):187-190
Adult male Swiss albino mice were administered ip. suspension solution of cypermethrin in 0.15% DMSO at the doses of 30 mg, 60 mg and 90 mg/kg b. wt. daily for 5 days. Another group of animals was injected cyclophosphamide ip. (60 mg/kg b. wt.) in similar manner which served as positive control. Effect of cypermethrin on body and testes weight and sperm head morphology was studied. Clastogenic potential of cypermethrin was studied by using modified Allium test. The cytological changes were studied in the root tip cells of Allium cepa after 3 days treatment with three different concentration of cypermethrin (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 microg/ml). The results revealed that body weight gain was considerably reduced in higher dose groups, but the testicular weight did not change significantly in any of the cypermethrin treated groups. However, a significant elevation in the number of abnormal shape of sperm head was noticed in higher dose groups as compared to control. It was observed that the abnormality in the shape of sperm head was dose-dependent. The cytological changes in the root tip cells of Allium cepa indicated that cypermethrin is having toxic effects on the root tip cells in the form of stickiness of chromosomes and also affect the mitotic activity. This study suggest that cypermethrin may have the potential to induce adverse effects on sperm head shape morphology of mouse as well as clastogenic effects on root tip cells of Allium cepa. 相似文献
70.
Arsenic in groundwater in six districts of West Bengal,India 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Dipankar Das Gautam Samanta Badal Kumar Mandal Tarit Roy Chowdhury Chitta Ranjan Chanda Partha Pratim Chowdhury Gautam Kumar Basu Dipankar Chakraborti 《Environmental geochemistry and health》1996,18(1):5-15
Arsenic in groundwater above the WHO maximum permissible limit of 0.05 mg l–1 has been found in six districts of West Bengal covering an area of 34 000 km2 with a population of 30 million. At present, 37 administrative blocks by the side of the River Ganga and adjoining areas are affected. Areas affected by arsenic contamination in groundwater are all located in the upper delta plain, and are mostly in the abandoned meander belt. More than 800 000 people from 312 villages/wards are drinking arsenic contaminated water and amongst them at least 175 000 people show arsenical skin lesions. Thousands of tube-well water in these six districts have been analysed for arsenic species. Hair, nails, scales, urine, liver tissue analyses show elevated concentrations of arsenic in people drinking arsenic-contaminated water for a longer period. The source of the arsenic is geological. Bore-hole sediment analyses show high arsenic concentrations in only few soil layers which is found to be associated with iron-pyrites. Various social problems arise due to arsenical skin lesions in these districts. Malnutrition, poor socio-economic conditions, illiteracy, food habits and intake of arsenic-contaminated water for many years have aggravated the arsenic toxicity. In all these districts, major water demands are met from groundwater and the geochemical reaction, caused by high withdrawal of water may be the cause of arsenic leaching from the source. If alternative water resources are not utilised, a good percentage of the 30 million people of these six districts may suffer from arsenic toxicity in the near future. 相似文献