基于EFDC水动力-水质模型的建立--以慈湖河为例

本文根据马鞍山市慈湖河流域水环境现状,结合当地政府对慈湖河的管理整治目标,选择EFDC水动力-水质模型作为慈湖河水环境模型。并根据慈湖河流域整体情况对时间空间进行概化。时间概化上,最终确定水动力学模拟时间步长为10s,水质模拟时间步长为20s;空间概化上,采用凸四边形网格概化,各网格之间为一维线性关系;通过CAD、GIS软件,将河道划分为106个网格,共计86行、24列,建立二维模型。通过研究参考文献及相似案例,最终确定本模型的参数和取值。将参数值输入程序中,对慈湖河流域2013年水质进行模拟计算。与马鞍山实际数据比对后发现,模型输出的水位、流速、水质结果在合理范围内。表明在慈湖河干流建立二维水质污染扩散模型,具有较高的拟合、预测精度和泛化能力,模型及方法可为相关水质预测研究提供参考。此外该模型可与web应用系统集成,应用于水质预警,模拟不同污染负荷情形下水质变化,模拟污染事故发生后不同应急措施对污染情况的改善效果,为污染控制和水环境管理工作提供科学依据。     

关于完善中国战略环境影响评价制度的探讨

虽然中国已经将规划环境影响评价纳入法律要求,并开始尝试更高层次的战略环境影响评价,但由于没有实施细则,战略环境影响评价制度并不完善.主要存在规则筛选程序不清晰、评价深度缺乏规范要求、审查主体的权威性不足、公众参与质量不高及评价对象的层次较低等问题.在分析上述问题的基础上,提出完善战略环境影响评价制度,提高其有效性的对策建议.     

PCB边角料的成分与热重-差热分析研究

在温度为380℃、N₂∶O₂=7∶3（体积比）的条件下,对PCB边角料进行的化学成分分析实验结果表明：4种PCB边角料中SiO₂+CaO+Al₂O₃大约在32%～38%之间,金属含量在22%～28%之间,其余为树脂,大约为45%左右;热重差热分析在氮气气氛、升温速率为20℃/min的条件下进行,其结果为：失重在12%～36%之间,热值在13～19 MJ/kg左右,失重主要发生在300～400℃之间,约占总失重的70%～90%,300℃以下质量基本上没有变化,400～1 200℃之间,质量约占10%～30%：并分析了TG-DTA曲线的影响因素,为工业回收废弃PCB提供了有价值的基础数据。     

天然矿物固硫剂及其对煤粉燃烧的影响

选取CaCO₃、Ca(OH)₂质量配比＝3∶2作为主固硫剂,用钙基固硫剂质量的2％的Na₂CO₃对其改性,利用蛭石作为固硫添加剂。在Ca/S＝2.25的情况下,通过固硫实验考察了主固硫剂以及添加剂的加入对固硫率的影响。实验结果表明,煤粉掺入该固硫剂在950℃下燃烧0.5 h,固硫率可以达到85％。还对添加不同固硫剂的煤粉进行热重实验,分析其对煤粉燃烧特性及动力学参数的影响。结果表明,固硫添加剂的加入不但能提高固硫率,还有利于煤的燃烧,减少灰渣的处理量。     

Measurement and modeling of O3 variability in Shanghai,China: Application of the WRF-Chem model

Since 2005, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau (SMB) has established an observational network for measuring VOC, NO_x, O₃ and aerosols in the Shanghai region. In this study, a rapid O₃ changes from Aug/02/2007 to Aug/11/2007 was observed in the region. During this 10 day period, the noontime O₃ maximum decreased from 100 to 130 ppbv to about 20–30 ppbv. In order to analyze the processes in controlling this rapid change of O₃ during this short period, a newly developed regional chemical/dynamical model (WRF-Chem) is applied to study O₃ variability in the Shanghai region. The model performances are evaluated by comparing the model calculation to the measurement. The result shows that the calculated magnitudes and diurnal variations of O₃ are close to the measured results in city sites, but are underestimated at a rural petroleum industrial site, suggesting that the emissions from petroleum factories around this rural site are significantly underestimated and need to be improved. The calculated rapid changes of O₃ concentrations, O₃ precursors, and aerosols are consistent with the measured results, suggesting that the model is suitable to study the causes of this rapid O₃ change. The model analysis indicates that weather conditions play important roles in controlling the surface O₃ in the Shanghai region. During summer, there is a persistent sub-tropical high pressure system (SUBH) in southeast of Shanghai over Pacific Ocean. During the earlier time of the period (Aug/02–Aug/05), the SUBH system was weak, resulting in weak surface winds. With the calm winds, a noticeable noontime sea-breeze produced an inflow from ocean to land, generating a cycling pattern of wind directions. As a result, the high O₃ concentrations were trapped in the Shanghai region, with a maximum concentration of 100–130 ppbv. By contrast, during the later time of the period (Aug/06–Aug/11), the SUBH was enhanced, resulting in strong surface winds. The high O₃ concentrations formed in the city were rapidly transported to the downwind region of the city, resulting in low O₃ concentrations in the Shanghai region. This study illustrates that the WRF-Chem model is a useful tool for studying the high variability of O₃ concentrations in Shanghai, which has important implication for the prediction of high O₃ concentration events in the city.     

畜禽废水处理技术及其应用进展

针对我国养殖业废水污染日益严重的现状,介绍了畜禽废水还田利用、自然处理以及工业化处理的优缺点、国内外应用现状以及研究的重点,并结合我国的实际情况,提出现阶段我国养殖业废水应重点发展还田利用技术与自然处理技术,并及时建立畜禽废水处理设计数据库以及编写设计规范。     

从微生物指标中看我国肉类食品安全状况

从食品微生物指标：菌落总数、大肠菌群和致病菌三项入手,对我国肉类食品的微生物指标检测情况及其产品质量进行分析。在我国政府的有力监管下,肉类食品产品质量与安全有了大幅度提高。由此展望,21世纪,绿色肉类产品由于其健康、质量、安全、方便将成为消费主流和今后的发展趋势。     

有关化工石化建设项目环境风险评价技术评估的探讨

根据国家化工石化行业建设项目加强环境风险评价的主要规定,结合化工石化行业建设项目特点及环境影响技术评估,反思化工石化项目评价及评估工作,重点从环境风险评价方面,对进一步完善环境风险评价与防范的后评估,从严建设项目技术评估与环境管理等进行了初步探讨,目的是为建设项目环境影响技术评估和环境管理提供参考。     

湿式消解法对冷原子吸收测定生物样品中汞产生的干扰

用不同的湿式消解法对多种生物样品的进行消解测定,分析了实验的干扰因素,并推荐了比较适宜的消解方法。     

The use of spatial autocorrelation analysis to identify PAHs pollution hotspots at an industrially contaminated site

The identification of contamination “hotspots” are an important indicator of the degree of contamination in localized areas, which can contribute towards the re-sampling and remedial strategies used in the seriously contaminated areas. Accordingly, 114 surface samples, collected from an industrially contaminated site in northern China, were assessed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and were analyzed using multivariate statistical and spatial autocorrelation techniques. The results showed that the PCA leads to a reduction in the initial dimension of the dataset to two components, dominated by Chr, Bbf&Bkf, Inp, Daa, Bgp, and Nap were good representations of the 16 original PAHs; Global Moran’s I statistics indicated that the significant autocorrelations were detected and the autocorrelation distances of six indicator PAHs were 750, 850, 1,200, 850, 750, and 1,200 m, respectively; there were visible high–high values (hotspots) clustered in the mid-bottom part of the site through the Local Moran’s I index analysis. Hotspot identification and spatial distribution results can play a key role in contaminated site investigation and management.