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261.
Dianne L. Watson Euan S. Harvey Ben M. Fitzpatrick Timothy J. Langlois George Shedrawi 《Marine Biology》2010,157(6):1237-1250
Measures of fish abundance, assemblage composition and length were compared when sampled by baited remote underwater stereo-video
(stereo BRUV) and diver-operated stereo-video transects (stereo DOV) at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands and Ningaloo Reef. Species
richness counts were 40% higher on stereo BRUV than stereo DOV. Stereo BRUVs also recorded a greater number of large-bodied
targeted species in higher abundance than stereo DOV (e.g. Lethrinus nebulosus, Plectropomus leopardus) at the Houtman Abrolhos and at Ningaloo Reef. Many non-targeted species were also recorded in greater abundances on stereo
BRUV than stereo DOV (e.g. Coris auricularis, Gymnothorax spp). Stereo DOV transects recorded a greater abundance of some small-bodied Pomacentridae, Labridae and Scaridae species
than did stereo BRUV, particularly at Ningaloo Reef. This study demonstrates that choice of sampling technique for surveys
of reef fish can lead to very different biological interpretations of fish assemblage structure. 相似文献
262.
In a series of papers, three important system ecologists, Bernard C. Patten, Sven E. Jorgensen and Milan Straškraba attempt to revise the old ecosystem field and construct a new systems ecology. Inevitably, their attempt is faced with some of the same problems that led the field to decline. The indefiniteness of ecosystem boundaries is one of them, maybe the most important. Systems’ ecology failure to define ecosystem boundaries was considered a significant obstacle for the conceptualization of the ecosystem as a valid organizing unit of nature and resulted in a disciplinary identity crisis. To surmount this crisis, the authors introduce into the field innovative ideas which have their origin in the so-called postmodern network theories. These ideas reinforce the concept of environment and allow for a relative conception of space, which might have beneficial effects in delimiting ecosystems. However, the problem-solving potential of these ideas is not activated because the authors remain stitched to the Odumian mode of ecosystem thinking and avoid recontextualizing the old building blocks. 相似文献
263.
Several species of kleptoparasitic and araneophagic spiders (Araneae: Family Theridiidae, Subfamily Argyrodinae) are found
in colonial webs of the orb-weaving spider Metepeira incrassata (Araneae, Araneidae) from Mexico, where they steal food and/or prey upon their spider hosts. Census data from natural M. incrassata colonies reveal that the incidence of these species increases with colony size. This pattern may reflect the presence of
several other orb-weaving spiders, each with their own kleptoparasitic species, invading larger M. incrassata colonies. As the number of these associated spiders increases, so does the density and number of Argyrodinae species in M. incrassata colonies, suggesting that associated spiders might reduce their own kleptoparasite load by building their webs within M. incrassata colonies. This represents a twofold cost to M. incrassata, as a field enclosure experiment revealed that a primarily kleptoparasitic species (Argyrodes elevatus) may reduce prey available to their hosts, but a kleptoparasitic/araneophagic species (Neospintharus concisus) inflicts high mortality upon M. incrassata. However, the cost of kleptoparasitism and predation by these species may be offset in part for M. incrassata individuals in large colonies by certain defensive mechanisms inherent in groups, i.e., “attack-abatement” and “selfish herd”
effects. We conclude that increased occurrence of kleptoparasitic and/or predatory Argyrodinae spiders is a consequence of
colonial web building and is an important potential cost of group living for colonial web-building spiders. 相似文献
264.
Caio F. Gromboni George L. Donati Wladiana O. Matos Eduardo F. A. Neves Ana Rita A. Nogueira Joaquim A. Nóbrega 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2010,8(1):73-77
Efficiency of metabisulfite and a commercial steel wool as reducing agents in the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewaters was evaluated.
Chromium(VI) was converted to Cr(III), precipitated with NaOH, and removed by filtration. A reduction of more than 1.0 × 105 and 4.0 × 105 fold in total Cr and the Cr(VI) concentrations, respectively, was observed by employing steel wool masses as low as 0.4420 g
to 30-mL solutions of wastewater. Chromium(III) hydroxide obtained after the treatment was recycled and used as marker in
cattle nutrition studies. The liquid residue obtained after the treatment was reused as precipitation agent replacing NaOH. 相似文献
265.
Emiel A. Den Hartog George Havenith 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(2):245-261
For wearers of protective clothing in radiation environments there are no quantitative guidelines available for the effect of a radiative heat load on heat exchange. Under the European Union funded project ThermProtect an analytical effort was defined to address the issue of radiative heat load while wearing protective clothing. As within the ThermProtect project much information has become available from thermal manikin experiments in thermal radiation environments, these sets of experimental data are used to verify the analytical approach. The analytical approach provided a good prediction of the heat loss in the manikin experiments, 95% of the variance was explained by the model. The model has not yet been validated at high radiative heat loads and neglects some physical properties of the radiation emissivity. Still, the analytical approach provides a pragmatic approach and may be useful for practical implementation in protective clothing standards for moderate thermal radiation environments. 相似文献
266.
267.
Male fitness is often determined by the ability of the male to gain access to multiple mates, although in species that exhibit
sexual cannibalism, males might increase their likelihood of being cannibalized with each encounter. This risk should create
selection for males who are able to perceive potential risks associated with mating encounters. We studied male Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders to determine whether they use female chemotactile cues (silk, excreta) as indicators of potential risks and
how these cues affected subsequent male courtship behaviors. Female treatments included satiated females vs. starved females,
as well as a treatment where females had recently cannibalized a male S. ocreata. We performed experiments to assess (1) if males use female chemotactile cues to determine potential risks associated with
differing female feeding treatments and alter courtship investment, and 2) how male experience with female chemotactile cues
affected courtship investment in subsequent female encounters. At first encounter, males do not vary courtship investment
(number of bouts, duration, and vigor) with different female feeding treatments. However, male behaviors during subsequent
encounters with female chemotactile cues varied in complex ways, depending on female feeding treatment and male first encounter
experience. These data suggest that male experience impacts perception of female chemical cues and offers the male opportunity
to avoid sexual cannibalism in high-risk situations. 相似文献
268.
David L. Clark J. Andrew Roberts Meghan Rector George W. Uetz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(6):1237-1247
Animal color patterns often reflect a compromise between natural selection for crypsis or inconspicuousness to predators and
sexual selection for conspicuousness to potential mates. In leaf litter-dwelling wolf spider species like Schizocosa ocreata, body coloration often closely matches the background coloration of a generally brown environment. However, body parts used
in communication should exhibit high contrast against background coloration. We used spectral analysis to examine male and
female S. ocreata for matching and contrasting coloration against leaf litter. Values were plotted in multivariate color space, based on reflectivity
in different frequency ranges. When viewed from above, colors of both males and females overlap with values for dead brown
leaf litter and soil, suggesting cryptic coloration when viewed by potential predators. However, when viewed from a lateral
perspective, both males and females show color values that are polar opposites of litter backgrounds, suggesting higher contrast
when viewed by other spiders. Moreover, male secondary characters used in visual signaling by S. ocreata (tibia brushes) show the highest level of background contrast. These findings suggest that S. ocreata wolf spiders have color patterns that provide both crypsis and background contrast at the same time, depending on receiver
viewing perspective. 相似文献
269.
Fred T. Mackenzie Alfonso Mucci George W. Luther III 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2011,11(6):547-547
Editorial
Publisher’s Note 相似文献270.
Copper-based pesticides and wood preservatives could end up in the environment during production, use, and end-of-life via different pathways that could cause unintended ecological and adverse health effects. This paper provides the effect of colloid-size Cu-based pesticides (CuPRO and Kocide), micronized Cu azole (MCA-1 and MCA-2) and alkaline Cu quaternary (ACQ) treated woods, Cu2+, Cu2+ spiked untreated wood (UTW), and CuCO3 solutions against Gram-positive Bacillus species using five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) standard test. The total Cu leached from MCA-1, MCA-2, and ACQ in Milli-Q water after 5 days were ~0.1, ~0.11, and ~0.64 g/kg of wood, respectively. However, the form of Cu leached from MCA woods was mostly ionic (> 90%). The total organic carbon (TOC) content of any tested wood (UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ) was ~99% of its corresponding total carbon (TC) content, whereas the TOC of any tested wood sawdust exceeded that of its corresponding piece/block by > 300%. The dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption value in the presence of Cu2+, CuCO3, CuPRO, and Kocide solutions was significantly influenced by Cu particles/ions. However, the DO consumption value in the presence of UTW/MCA-1/MCA-2/ACQ woods was significantly influenced by organics leached from woods. On the other hand, the DO consumption of MCA sawdust was greater than (300%) that of MCA pieces/block. The findings of this study provide more insight into how organics leached from woods significantly reduce the toxic effects of Cu ions against Gram-positive Bacillus species. 相似文献