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741.
742.
Macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in intermittent coastal plain streams impacted by animal agriculture
Little attention has been given to the ecology of intermittent coastal plain streams in the southeastern United States, and it is not known whether available macroinvertebrate biomonitoring methods reliably detect degradation in these streams. This study compared differences in biomonitoring metrics between reference and agricultural streams, and between the flow period (January-April) and the intermittent flow period (May-December). Percentages of crustaceans, isopods, and Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) were significantly higher at the reference site than the two most impacted sites during the flow period, probably resulting from the abundance of leaf litter and lower temperatures. During this same period, the agriculturally impacted sites had a significantly higher percentage of dipterans--a group that thrives in the silty, nutrient-rich waters. Four metrics (percent Crustacea, Isopoda, Diptera, and EPT) had no overlap between values for the most impacted and the least impacted sites during the flow period, but no metrics were able to detect more discrete differences among sites. Sites were physically and biologically similar during the intermittent period when natural stresses (i.e., stagnant water, high temperatures, low dissolved oxygen) were high, with many metrics, such as percentages of dominant family, burrowers, chironomids, and dipterans becoming similar at all sites. Our findings indicate that development of a better understanding of invertebrate fauna in reference conditions and of the natural variation in intermittent streams is necessary to develop effective biomonitoring programs for these systems. 相似文献
743.
Craig S. Hieber Stimson R. Wilcox Jay Boyle George W. Uetz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2002,53(1):51-60
Earlier studies have shown that the sarcophagid fly Arachnidomyia lindae is the principal egg-sac predator of the colonial orb-weaving spider Metepeira incrassata, and that risk of egg-sac loss increases with group size. Observations of specialized behaviors for attack (flies) and defense (spiders) suggest that this predator-prey relationship may incorporate elements of ploy and counterploy behavior. Here we explore this relationship in detail and test hypotheses regarding efficacy of attack and defense behaviors. Egg-sac guarding by the spider includes defensive behaviors specific to this fly predator, which were observed during experimental "attacks" with tethered A. lindae, but not with similar presentations of non-predatory Musca domestica. Experimental studies also show that Metepeira incrassata recognizes this predatory fly by airborne cues (i.e., the signature frequency of wing-beats), and can distinguish between this predator and other flies (potential prey) on the basis of wing-beat frequency differences. Removal of female spiders results in a significantly higher probability of unguarded egg-sacs being parasitized, demonstrating the adaptive value of spider defensive behaviors. We also present evidence that A. lindae utilizes a behavioral ploy for circumventing spider guarding behavior (aggressive mimicry - producing vibrations of captured prey in the web), and that Metepeira incrassata, in turn, exhibits a counter-ploy behavior (signal thread cutting) to eliminate this potentially distracting vibratory information. While previous studies have shown that this colonial web-building spider uses a number of general attack-abatement mechanisms against a diversity of predators and parasitoids, results of this study suggest that selection pressures from a highly specialized predator may also result in evolution of predator-specific prey responses. 相似文献
744.
Hans Schreier Sandra Brown George Kennedy Pravakar B. Shah 《Environmental management》1991,15(6):815-822
A GIS-based land evaluation model was developed to determine the food, feed, and fuelwood sufficiency of all districts in
Nepal. Resource surpluses or deficits were calculated for each district for 1981, the year for which the national land resource
data were available. Of the three resources, feed supplies were found to be the most critical. Feed deficits occurred in 57%
of all districts in 1981, while food and fuelwood deficits occurred in less than 10% of all districts. Different scenarios
were carried out for the year 2000 to estimate the magnitude of future resource deficits, assuming resource use and yields
in Nepal remain constant in the face of growing population and livestock numbers. Linking resource data with spreadsheet and
GIS systems provides a new way to understand and evaluate resources at the district and national levels. To more fully capture
the usefulness of this approach, information on rates of change in productivity and land use is needed. 相似文献
745.
Maquiladoras, manufacturing plants that primarily assemble foreign components for reexport, are located in concentrations
along the northern frontier of the US/Mexico border. These plants process a wide variety of materials using modern industrial
technologies within the context of developing world institutions and infrastructure. Hazardous waste generation by maquiladoras
represents a critical environmental management issue because of the spatial concentration of these plants in border municipalities
where the infrastructure for waste management is nonexistent or poor. These border municipalities contain rapidly increasing
populations, which further stress their waste handling infrastructure capacities while exposing their populations to greater
contaminant risks. Limited empirical knowledge exists concerning hazardous waste types and generation rates from maquiladorsas.
There is no standard reporting method for waste generation or methodology for estimating generation rates at this time. This
paper presents a method that can be used for the rapid assessment of hazardous waste generation. A first approximation of
hazardous waste generation is produced for maquiladoras in the three municipalities of Nogales, Sonora, Mexicali, Baja California,
and Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua, using the INVENT model developed by the World Bank. In addition, our intent is to evaluate the
potential of the INVENT model for adaptation to the US/Mexico border industrial situation. The press of border industrial
development, especially with the recent adoption of the NAFTA, make such assessments necessary as a basis for the environmental
policy formulation and management needed in the immediate future. 相似文献
746.
George J. Moosburner Eric F. Wood 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(6):971-978
ABSTRACT: Land use planning in rapidly developing areas can serve as an effective tool for minimizing water quality impacts on ground water supplies. A land use management model applied to Jackson Township of the New Jersey Pine Barrens was developed. The management model consisted of a simulation model for the transport of nitrates from septic tank systems through the aquifer and a multiobjective, goal programming optimization model to determine population density restrictions using 208 areawide planning population projections. Results showed that growth may have to be curtailed in several areas of Jackson Township and that current population projections over the next 30 years may result in unacceptably high nitrate concentrations downgradient of Jackson Township. The management framework provides a flexible approach to land use planning. 相似文献
747.
748.
The thermal behavior of dilute (5000-50 ppm) solutions of tri- and tetrachlorobenzene in mineral oil, silicone oil, and tetrachloroethylene (TCE) has been investigated. Although pyrolyses or combustion of neat chlorobenzenes readily forms significant yields of PCDDs/PCDFs, corresponding treatment of dilute solutions was generally non-productive. This result is consistent with the proposition that, under the conditions studied, the rate-limiting step for PCDD/PCDF formation is bimolecular in chlorobenzene. In contrast, earlier studies of PCBs implied a rate-limiting step that was unimolecular in chloroaromatics. Combustion of dilute solutions of chlorobenzenes in tetrachloroethylene did produce detectable concentrations of PCDF; this result reflects combination of chlorobenzene and TCE- or TCE-derived species. 相似文献
749.
Thomas A. Gasiewicz Ellen C. Henry Raymond B. Baggs George Rucci Arnold Schecter 《Chemosphere》1986,15(9-12)
The temporal - and dose-related characteristics of hepatic enzymes induced and toxic responses elicited in the hamster by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
-dioxin were examined. The results demonstrate a dissociation of the induction of these hepatic enzymes from TCDD-elicited lethality, but not necessarily hepatic damage, in this species. Furthermore, the hyperthyroidism observed is suggestive of a role of these hormones in the relatively insensitive nature of this species to TCDD treatment. 相似文献
750.
George Myerson Yvonne Rydin Carolyn Harrison Marjorie Mayo Patsy Healey Jon Vernon Nick Williams Tim Brindley Ted Trainer Allan R. Jones Judy Walker 《Local Environment》1997,2(3):329-345
Green Culture: environmental rhetoric in contemporary America. C. G. Herndl & S. C. Brown (Eds), 1996, Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 315 pp. ISBN 0 229 14990 0, £35.95 (hbk) ISBN 0 299 14994 3, £17.50 (pbk)
Earthtalk: communication empowerment for environmental action. S. A. Muir & T. L. Veenendall, 1996, Westport, CT, Praeger, Praeger Series in Political Communication, 233 pp. ISBN 0 275 953700 X, £47.95
Environmentalism and Cultural Theory. Kay Milton, 1996 London & New York, Routledge, 266 pp. ISBN 0 415 115529 9, £45.00 (hbk) ISBN 0 415 11530 2, £13.99 (pbk)
Local Environmental Struggles: citizen activism in the treadmill of production. Kenneth A. Gould, Allan Schnaiberg & Adam S. Weinberg, 1996, Cambridge University Press, 239 pp. ISBN 0 521 55519 1, £40.00 (hbk) ISBN 0 521 55521 3, £14.95 (pbk)
The Language of Environment: a new rhetoric. George Myerson & Yvonne Rydin, 1996 London, UCL Press, 264 pp. ISBN 1 85728 330 9, £35.00 (hbk) ISBN 1 85728 331 7, £11.95 (pbk)
Environmental Issues and Business: implications of a changing agenda. Sally Eden, 1996, Chichester, Wiley, ISBN 0 471 94872 1, £25.00
Green Shift: towards a green sensibility in architecture. John Farmer, edited by Kenneth Richardson, 1996, Oxford, Butterworth Architecture, with World-Wide Fund for Nature, ISBN 07506 15303
Lewis Mumford and the Ecological Region: the politics of planning. Mark Luccarelli, 1995, New York, Guilford Press, ISBN 1572300019, £19.95
The Ecology of Hope: communities collaborate for sustainability. Ted Bernard & Jora Young, 1997, East Haven, CT, New Society Publishers, 233 pp. ISBN 0 86571 355 33 (pbk)
Turning the Tide: integrated local area management for Australia's coastal zone. Valerie A. Brown, 1995, Canberra, Australia, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories
Involving Communities in Forestry through Community Participation. Forestry Practice Guide 10, Forestry Commission
The Scope for Community Participation in Forest Management. A Report for the Forestry Commission and Scottish Office by Bill Slee, Gill Clark & Patrick Snowdon, £10 (£15 non UK)
The Role of Woodlands in Meeting Planning Objectives in Great Britain. A Report for the Forestry Commission by Professor Paul Selman 相似文献
Earthtalk: communication empowerment for environmental action. S. A. Muir & T. L. Veenendall, 1996, Westport, CT, Praeger, Praeger Series in Political Communication, 233 pp. ISBN 0 275 953700 X, £47.95
Environmentalism and Cultural Theory. Kay Milton, 1996 London & New York, Routledge, 266 pp. ISBN 0 415 115529 9, £45.00 (hbk) ISBN 0 415 11530 2, £13.99 (pbk)
Local Environmental Struggles: citizen activism in the treadmill of production. Kenneth A. Gould, Allan Schnaiberg & Adam S. Weinberg, 1996, Cambridge University Press, 239 pp. ISBN 0 521 55519 1, £40.00 (hbk) ISBN 0 521 55521 3, £14.95 (pbk)
The Language of Environment: a new rhetoric. George Myerson & Yvonne Rydin, 1996 London, UCL Press, 264 pp. ISBN 1 85728 330 9, £35.00 (hbk) ISBN 1 85728 331 7, £11.95 (pbk)
Environmental Issues and Business: implications of a changing agenda. Sally Eden, 1996, Chichester, Wiley, ISBN 0 471 94872 1, £25.00
Green Shift: towards a green sensibility in architecture. John Farmer, edited by Kenneth Richardson, 1996, Oxford, Butterworth Architecture, with World-Wide Fund for Nature, ISBN 07506 15303
Lewis Mumford and the Ecological Region: the politics of planning. Mark Luccarelli, 1995, New York, Guilford Press, ISBN 1572300019, £19.95
The Ecology of Hope: communities collaborate for sustainability. Ted Bernard & Jora Young, 1997, East Haven, CT, New Society Publishers, 233 pp. ISBN 0 86571 355 33 (pbk)
Turning the Tide: integrated local area management for Australia's coastal zone. Valerie A. Brown, 1995, Canberra, Australia, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories
Involving Communities in Forestry through Community Participation. Forestry Practice Guide 10, Forestry Commission
The Scope for Community Participation in Forest Management. A Report for the Forestry Commission and Scottish Office by Bill Slee, Gill Clark & Patrick Snowdon, £10 (£15 non UK)
The Role of Woodlands in Meeting Planning Objectives in Great Britain. A Report for the Forestry Commission by Professor Paul Selman 相似文献