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351.
A. Gwen Eklund Samuel L. Altshuler Paulina C. Altshuler Judith C. Chow George M. Hidy Alan C. Lloyd 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1235-1244
Supplemental Materials: Supplemental materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 相似文献
352.
Protection of the environment is critically dependent on the quality of data used in decision making. Whether the decisions are part of the scientific process or relate to application of the laws governing people and their living conditions, good quality data are required/needed by two disciplines with distinct differences. This paper examines some differences between science and the law, provides a brief history of science in law, discusses the effects of law on science, compares United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) guidance and U.S. Supreme Court credible science criteria. This paper further speculates on the future use of science data by the courts. 相似文献
353.
Idris SM Jones PL Salzman SA Croatto G Allinson G 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(4):1159-1170
Introduction
Two emergent macrophytes, Arundo donax and Phragmites australis, were established in experimental subsurface flow, gravel-based constructed wetlands (CWs) receiving untreated recirculating aquaculture system wastewater.Materials and methods
The hydraulic loading rate was 3.75 cm day?1. Many of the monitored water quality parameters (biological oxygen demand [BOD], total suspended solids [TSS], total phosphorus [TP], total nitrogen [TN], total ammoniacal nitrogen [TAN], nitrate nitrogen [NO3], and Escherichia coli) were removed efficiently by the CWs, to the extent that the CW effluent was suitable for use on human food crops grown for raw produce consumption under Victorian state regulations and also suitable for reuse within aquaculture systems.Results and discussion
The BOD, TSS, TP, TN, TAN, and E. coli removal in the A. donax and P. australis beds was 94%, 67%, 96%, 97%, 99.6%, and effectively 100% and 95%, 87%, 95%, 98%, 99.7%, and effectively 100%, respectively, with no significant difference (p?>?0.007) in performance between the A. donax and P. australis CWs. In this study, as expected, the aboveground yield of A. donax top growth (stems + leaves) (15.0?±?3.4 kg wet weight) was considerably more than the P. australis beds (7.4?±?2.8 kg wet weight). The standing crop produced in this short (14-week) trial equates to an estimated 125 and 77 t ?ha?1 year?1 biomass (dry weight) for A. donax and P. australis, respectively (assuming that plant growth is similar across a 250-day (September–April) growing season and a single-cut, annual harvest).Conclusion
The similarity of the performance of the A. donax- and P. australis-planted beds indicates that either may be used in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands treating aquaculture wastewater, although the planting of A. donax provides additional opportunities for secondary income streams through utilization of the energy-rich biomass produced.354.
While there are many studies of the impacts of climate change and variability on food production, few studies are devoted
to a comprehensive assessment of impacts on food systems. Results of a survey of food systems and household adaptation strategies
in three communities in the Afram Plains, Ghana, reveal how extreme climatic events affect rural food production, transportation,
processing and storage. Adaptation strategies implemented by the three communities during past droughts serve as a foundation
for planning responses to future climate change. Results of this study suggest that food security in this region—where droughts
and floods are expected to become more severe due to climate change—could be enhanced by increasing farm-based storage facilities;
improving the transportation system, especially feeder roads that link food production areas and major markets; providing
farmers with early warning systems; extending credit to farmers; and the use of supplementary irrigation. This study also
indicates that some cultural practices, particularly those that prohibit the consumption of certain foods, may reduce the
resilience of some individuals and ethnic groups to food system disruptions. Understanding the local context and the responses
of households is critical to the development of effective strategies for reducing the potential adverse impacts of climatic
change on food security in rural Ghana. 相似文献
355.
356.
A variety of emerging chemicals of concern are released continuously to surface water through the municipal wastewater effluent discharges. The ability to rapidly determine bioaccumulation of these contaminants in exposed fish without sacrificing the animal (i.e. in vivo) would be of significant advantage to facilitate research, assessment and monitoring of their risk to the environment. In this study, an in vivo solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) approach was developed and applied to the measurement of a variety of emerging contaminants (carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, bisphenol A, fluoxetine, ibuprofen and atrazine) in fish. Our results indicated in vivo SPME was a potential alternative extraction technique for quantitative determination of contaminants in lab exposures and as well after exposure to two municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE), with a major advantage over conventional techniques due to its ability to non-lethally sample tissues of living organisms. 相似文献
357.
One of the main challenges that face successful biofiltration is the erratic loading pattern and long starvation periods. However, such patterns are common in practical applications. In order to provide long-term stable operation of a biofilter under these conditions, a cyclic adsorption/desorption beds system with flow switching was installed prior to a biofilter. Different square waves of a mixture containing n-hexane and benzene at a 2:1 ratio were applied to the cyclic adsorption/desorption beds and then fed to a biofilter. The performance of this integrated system was compared to a biofilter unit receiving the same feed of both VOCs. The cyclic adsorption/desorption beds unit successfully achieved its goal of stabilizing erratic loading even with very sharp peaks at the influent concentration equalizing influent concentrations ranging from 10-470 ppmv for n-hexane to 30-1410 ppmv for benzene. The study included different peak concentrations with durations ranging from 6 to 20 min. The cyclic beds buffered the fluctuating influent load and the followed biofilter had all the time a continuous stable flow. Another advantage achieved by the cyclic adsorption/desorption beds was the uninterrupted feed to the biofilter even during the starvation where there was no influent in the feed. The results of the integrated system with regard to removal efficiency and kinetics are comparable to published results with continuous feed studies at the same loading rates. The removal efficiency for benzene had a minimum of 85% while for n-hexane ranged from 50% to 77% according to the loading rate. The control unit showed very erratic performance highlighting the benefit of the utilization of the cyclic adsorption/desorption beds. The biofilter was more adaptable to concentration changes in benzene than n-hexane. 相似文献
358.
A Case History of the Science and Management Collaboration in Understanding Hypoxia Events in Long Bay, South Carolina, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Denise Sanger Debra Hernandez Susan Libes George Voulgaris Braxton Davis Erik Smith Rebecca Shuford Dwayne Porter Eric Koepfler Joseph Bennett 《Environmental management》2010,46(3):340-350
Communication of knowledge between the scientific and management communities is a difficult process complicated by the distinctive
nature of professional career goals of scientists and decision-makers. This article provides a case history highlighting a
collaboration between the science and management communities that resulted from a response to a 2004 hypoxia, or low dissolved
oxygen, event in Long Bay, off Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. A working group of scientists and decision-makers was established
at the time of the event and has continued to interact to develop a firm understanding of the drivers responsible for hypoxia
formation in Long Bay. Several factors were found to be important to ensure that these collaborative efforts were productive:
(1) genuine interest in collaboratively working across disciplines to examine a problem; (2) commitment by agency leadership,
decision-makers, and researchers to create successful communication mechanisms; (3) respect for each others’ perspectives
and an understanding how science and management are performed and that they are not mutually exclusive; (4) networking among
researchers and decision-makers to ensure appropriate team members are involved in the process; (5) use of decision-maker
input in the formulation of research and monitoring projects; and (6) commitment of resources for facilitation to ensure that
researchers and decision-makers are communicating effectively. 相似文献
359.
The growing interest in geologic carbon sequestration has highlighted the need for more data on how well cements react to CO2 exposure. This paper describes a series of experiments that was conducted to examine the effects of flowing carbonated brine on well cements. Class H cement pastes were exposed to the ranges of temperature (20–50 °C) and pH (2.4–5) characteristic of geosequestration conditions at a depth of about 1 km. The exposed cements and the reactor effluents were analyzed using multiple techniques including optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, EPMA, and ICP-OES. The results showed that if the solution was pre-equilibrated with calcium carbonate, as would be expected in a limestone formation, there was no detectable attack. However, under the pH and temperature conditions to be expected in a sandstone formation, the initial rate of attack was on the order of millimeters per month. The outer layers of the cements reacted under sandstone-like conditions were fully degraded based on the results of the XRD and EPMA analyses. Inside the degraded layers there was a calcium carbonate-rich layer, a layer depleted of calcium hydroxide, and an unreacted cement core. The rate of degradation of the cement in these experiments was controlled by the rate of dissolution of the calcium carbonate-rich layer, after its formation, and diffusion through the fully degraded layers. 相似文献
360.