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151.
Julie Louvrier Anja Molinari-Jobin Marc Kéry Thierry Chambert David Miller Fridolin Zimmermann Eric Marboutin Paolo Molinari Oliver Müeller Rok Černe Olivier Gimenez 《Conservation biology》2019,33(1):185-195
As large carnivores recover throughout Europe, their distribution needs to be studied to determine their conservation status and assess the potential for human-carnivore conflicts. However, efficient monitoring of many large carnivore species is challenging due to their rarity, elusive behavior, and large home ranges. Their monitoring can include opportunistic sightings from citizens in addition to designed surveys. Two types of detection errors may occur in such monitoring schemes: false negatives and false positives. False-negative detections can be accounted for in species distribution models (SDMs) that deal with imperfect detection. False-positive detections, due to species misidentification, have rarely been accounted for in SDMs. Generally, researchers use ad hoc data-filtering methods to discard ambiguous observations prior to analysis. These practices may discard valuable ecological information on the distribution of a species. We investigated the costs and benefits of including data types that may include false positives rather than discarding them for SDMs of large carnivores. We used a dynamic occupancy model that simultaneously accounts for false negatives and positives to jointly analyze data that included both unambiguous detections and ambiguous detections. We used simulations to compare the performances of our model with a model fitted on unambiguous data only. We tested the 2 models in 4 scenarios in which parameters that control false-positive detections and true detections varied. We applied our model to data from the monitoring of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the European Alps. The addition of ambiguous detections increased the precision of parameter estimates. For the Eurasian lynx, incorporating ambiguous detections produced more precise estimates of the ecological parameters and revealed additional occupied sites in areas where the species is likely expanding. Overall, we found that ambiguous data should be considered when studying the distribution of large carnivores through the use of dynamic occupancy models that account for misidentification. 相似文献
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Julie Albagnac Frederic Y. Moulin Olivier Eiff Laurent Lacaze Pierre Brancher 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2014,14(5):957-970
The three-dimensional dynamics of shallow vortex dipoles is investigated by means of an innovative three-dimensional, three-component (3D-3C) scanning PIV technique. In particular, the three-dimensional structure of a frontal spanwise vortex is characterized. The technique allows the computation of the three-dimensional pressure field and the planar (x, y) distribution of the wall shear stress, which are not available using standard 2D PIV measurements. The influence of such a complex vortex structure on mass transport is discussed in the context of the available pressure and wall shear stress fields. 相似文献
156.
Several extinct sperm whales (stem Physeteroidea) were recently proposed to differ markedly in their feeding ecology from the suction-feeding modern sperm whales Kogia and Physeter. Based on cranial, mandibular, and dental morphology, these Miocene forms were tentatively identified as macroraptorial feeders, able to consume proportionally large prey using their massive teeth and robust jaws. However, until now, no corroborating evidence for the use of teeth during predation was available. We report on a new specimen of the stem physeteroid Acrophyseter, from the late middle to early late Miocene of Peru, displaying unusual bony outgrowths along some of the upper alveoli. Considering their position and outer shape, these are identified as buccal maxillary exostoses. More developed along posterior teeth and in tight contact with the high portion of the dental root outside the bony alveoli, the exostoses are hypothesized to have developed during powerful bites; they may have worked as buttresses, strengthening the teeth when facing intense occlusal forces. These buccal exostoses further support a raptorial feeding technique for Acrophyseter and, indirectly, for other extinct sperm whales with a similar oral apparatus (Brygmophyseter, Livyatan, Zygophyseter). With a wide size range, these Miocene stem physeteroids were major marine macropredators, occupying ecological niches nowadays mostly taken by killer whales. 相似文献
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Paul Scholte Olivier Pays Saleh Adam Bertrand Chardonnet Hervé Fritz Jean-Baptiste Mamang Herbert H. T. Prins Pierre-Cyril Renaud Patrick Tadjo Mark Moritz 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13860
When in 2010 the world's governments pledged to increase protected area coverage to 17% of the world's land surface, several Central African countries had already set aside 25% of their northern savannas for conservation. To evaluate the effectiveness of this commitment, we analyzed the results of 68 multispecies surveys conducted in the seven main savanna national parks in Central Africa (1960–2017). We also assembled information on potential drivers of large herbivore population trends (rainfall and number of rangers) and on tourist numbers and revenues. In six out of the seven parks, wild large herbivore populations declined dramatically over time, livestock numbers increased severalfold, and tourism, the pillar under a once thriving local wildlife industry, collapsed. Zakouma National Park (Chad) stood out because its large herbivore populations increased, an increase that was positively correlated with rainfall and number of rangers (a proxy for management inputs). With increasing insecurity and declining revenues, governments find themselves confronted with too few resources to protect vast areas. To deal with this conversation overstretch, we propose to extend the repeatedly promoted solutions––scaled up funding, enhanced management––with a strategic retreat, focusing scarce resources on smaller areas to save wildlife in the Central African savannas. 相似文献
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Monei Nthati Hitch Michael Heim Juliane Pourret Olivier Heilmeier Hermann Wiche Oliver 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(38):57172-57189
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study presents how phosphate (P) availability and intercropping may influence the migration of rare earth elements (REEs) in legume–grass... 相似文献
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为探索典型喀斯特城市湖库二氧化碳分压(pCO2)及其交换通量(F)空间格局,以我国贵阳市阿哈湖水库(AHa)、松柏山水库(SBS)、百花湖(BHH)和红枫湖(HFH)为对象,探索了区域气象水文基础数据、碳酸盐平衡参数及环境因子,进而评估表层水体pCO2及其F空间变化.结果表明,受原位新陈代谢和水文调节,AHa的pCO2为(861.6±462.8)μatm,显著高于SBS (223.6±213.1)μatm、BHH (139.3±63.6)μatm和HFH (126.2±50.9)μatm (P<0.05),且各湖库水-气界面二氧化碳(CO2)交换速率(k值)在(2.05~3.82) cm/h范围内.AHa的F值为(6.23±9.59) mmol/(m2·d),具有向大气排放CO2的潜力;SBS、BHH和HFH的F值分别为(-5.86±5.25) mmol/(m2×d)、(-8.63±1.03) mmol/(m2·d)和(-7.58±1.10) mmol/(m2·d),表现为大气CO2汇.湖库表层水体pCO2与环境因子叶绿素a (Chla)和氨氮(NH4+-N)具有显著相关性(P<0.05),说明喀斯特湖库碳酸盐耦合光合作用和人为输入极大影响了水体CO2量级. 相似文献