Correction to: Documenting lemming population change in the Arctic: Can we detect trends?

Ambio - In the original published article, some of the symbols in figure 1A were modified incorrectly during the typesetting and publication process. The correct version of the figure is provided...     

喀斯特城市湖库pCO2及CO2通量空间格局研究

为探索典型喀斯特城市湖库二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）及其交换通量（F）空间格局,以我国贵阳市阿哈湖水库（AHa）、松柏山水库（SBS）、百花湖（BHH）和红枫湖（HFH）为对象,探索了区域气象水文基础数据、碳酸盐平衡参数及环境因子,进而评估表层水体pCO₂及其F空间变化.结果表明,受原位新陈代谢和水文调节,AHa的pCO₂为（861.6±462.8）μatm,显著高于SBS （223.6±213.1）μatm、BHH （139.3±63.6）μatm和HFH （126.2±50.9）μatm （P<0.05）,且各湖库水-气界面二氧化碳（CO₂）交换速率（k值）在（2.05~3.82） cm/h范围内.AHa的F值为（6.23±9.59） mmol/（m²·d）,具有向大气排放CO₂的潜力;SBS、BHH和HFH的F值分别为（-5.86±5.25） mmol/（m²×d）、（-8.63±1.03） mmol/（m²·d）和（-7.58±1.10） mmol/（m²·d）,表现为大气CO₂汇.湖库表层水体pCO₂与环境因子叶绿素a （Chla）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）具有显著相关性（P<0.05）,说明喀斯特湖库碳酸盐耦合光合作用和人为输入极大影响了水体CO₂量级.     

Catalytic properties and polymorphism of serine endopeptidases from the midgut gland of the brown shrimp <Emphasis Type=Italic>Crangon crangon</Emphasis> (Decapoda,Caridea)

The brown shrimp Crangon crangon is a key species in the coastal areas of the North Sea. It constitutes a significant food source for fishes. Simultaneously, it is an important predator on a wide range of invertebrates. C. crangon shows a variety of digestive enzymes that allow to utilizing a wide range of food items. The initial step of alimentary protein digestion, that is the degradation into peptides, is facilitated by set of endopeptidases which are expressed by the midgut gland. In crustaceans, these endopeptidases are often dominated by serine proteinases. C. crangon, however, predominantly express cysteine proteinases, while only some specimens show a highly variable pattern of serine proteinases. The composition of these serine endopeptidases was investigated using liquid chromatography, substrate gel electrophoresis and inhibitor assays. Distinctly elevated activities were present only in about 10% of the samples. When activity was detected, two peaks, one with tryptic activity and the other one with chymotryptic activity, could be separated by anionic exchange chromatography. Moreover, specimens with elevated tryptic activities often showed highly polymorphic patterns of endopeptidases after electrophoretic separation. Overall, 30 different bands of endopeptidases were identified. There was no similarity between animals from the same sampling sites, neither between animals of similar size, weight or nutritive state. The polymorphism of proteinase from the midgut gland seems to reflect the high adaptive potential of this species to variable trophic conditions in a continuously changing environment.     

Integrated modelling of climate control and air pollution: Methodology and results from one-way coupling of an energy–environment–economy (E3MG) and atmospheric chemistry model (p-TOMCAT) in decarbonising scenarios for Mexico to 2050

This paper reports the methodology and results of an one-way coupling of the E3 Model at the Global level (E3MG) model to the global atmospheric chemistry model, p-TOMCAT, to assess the effects on the concentrations of atmospheric gases over Mexico of a low-GHG scenario compared to an alternative reference case with higher use of fossil fuels. The paper covers the data and methods, changes in atmospheric gas concentrations, the macroeconomic effects of the policies, and the outcome for pollution. The results suggest that in the conditions of underemployment in Mexico, substantial investment in low-carbon technologies, such as electric vehicles, heat pumps and geo-thermal power, could improve employment prospects, maintain growth, as well as reduce some of the risks associated with prospective falls in oil revenues. The concentrations of low-level ozone, both for Mexico-only and global decarbonisation scenarios relative to the original reference case, show appreciable reductions, sufficient to bring concentrations close to the WHO guideline levels. An indication is given of the potential scale of the benefits on human health in Mexico City.