Objective: The present study examines the accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers at different blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) in heterogeneous driving conditions using driving simulator experiments.
Methods: Eighty-two licensed drivers performed simulated driving in a rural road environment designed in the driving simulator at 4 BAC levels: 0.00, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%. Driving performance was analyzed using vehicle control variables such as mean acceleration and mean brake pedal force. Generalized linear mixed models were developed to quantify the effect of different alcohol levels and explanatory variables such as driver’s age, gender, and other factors on the driving performance indicators.
Results: Alcohol use was reported as a significant factor affecting the accelerating and braking performance of drivers. The acceleration model results indicated that drivers’ mean acceleration increased by 0.013, 0.026, and 0.027 m/s2 for BAC levels of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%, respectively. Results of the brake pedal force model showed that drivers’ mean brake pedal force increased by 1.09, 1.32, and 1.44 N for BAC levels of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%, respectively. Age was a significant factor in both the models where a 1-year increase in driver age resulted in a 0.2% reduction in mean acceleration and a 19% reduction in mean brake pedal force. Driving experience could compensate for the negative effects of alcohol to some extent while driving.
Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that drivers tend to be more aggressive and impulsive under the influence of alcohol, which deteriorates their driving performance. Impairment in accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers under the influence of alcohol leads to increased crash probabilities. The conclusions may provide reference in making countermeasures against drinking and driving and contribute to traffic safety. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this paper, we present the studies on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of K2CrO4-PMMA composites developed by two... 相似文献
This paper focuses on the spatial distributional profiles of different species of the important micronutrient element, nitrogen (nitrite, nitrate and total nitrogen) in various coral-reef sedimentary environment of Lakshadweep Archipelago. The relative abundance of the three forms of nitrogen was in the order, total-N???nitrate-N???nitrite-N. Relatively very low levels of nitrite in the different microenvironments of the islands are an indication of a higher rate of nitrification, so as to produce thermodynamically most stable form of nitrogen, namely nitrate under the condition of well-oxygenated shallow coastal/lagoon waters. A lagoon-ward enrichment pattern of total nitrogen in the lagoon transects of Agathy, Minicoy, Kadamath and Kiltan Islands also reflected the fact that the rate and space available for nitrogen fixation in shallow zones of the lagoon are high. Further, the nitrogenous waste materials produced from the reefs and surrounding environments have limited exchange with the sea, and all these factors, together with the organic nitrogen retention capacity of sediment types, contribute to total nitrogen. 相似文献
Many advancements have been introduced to tackle spatial and temporal structures in data. When the spatial and/or temporal domains are relatively large, assumptions must be made to account for the sheer size of the data. The large data size, coupled with realities that come with observational data, make it difficult for all of these assumptions to be met. In particular, air quality data are very sparse across geographic space and time, due to a limited air pollution monitoring network. These “missing” values make it difficult to incorporate most dimension reduction techniques developed for high-dimensional spatiotemporal data. This article examines aerosol optical depth (AOD), an indirect measure of radiative forcing, and air quality. The spatiotemporal distribution of AOD can be influenced by both natural (e.g., meteorological conditions) and anthropogenic factors (e.g., emission from industries and transport). After accounting for natural factors influencing AOD, we examine the spatiotemporal relationship in the remaining human influenced portion of AOD. The presented data cover a portion of India surrounding New Delhi from 2000–2006. The proposed method is demonstrated showing how it can handle the large spatiotemporal structure containing so much missing data for both meteorologic conditions and AOD over time and space. 相似文献
United Nations Class-3 hazardous materials (hazmats) are basically liquid products and transported in road tankers under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. They are mostly flammables and some of them are toxic (e.g. benzene) as well. The spillages due to collision related incidents involving the road tankers, carrying such hazmats through highways, pose not only flammability hazards due to pool fire, flash fire and vapor cloud explosion (VCE), but create substantial toxic hazards also. The paper presents the risk-based study of route evaluation of two state highways and one urban city road in western India on account of transportation of class-3 hazmats, namely benzene, toluene, p-xylene, methanol, cyclohexane and acetone. A comparative evaluation of study routes was undertaken based on their societal risks presented in terms of F–N curves and assessed against HSE, UK as well as VROM, The Netherlands risk acceptance criteria. Societal risks contribution of cyclohexane to the overall flammability risk mainly VCE is found to be the highest followed by acetone and benzene compared to other study hazmats. This is due to highly explosive nature of cyclohexane resulting into vapor cloud explosion. While acetone and methanol pool fires are likely to cause larger area of damage compared to others, benzene supersedes others as far as toxicity risk is concerned and larger evacuation area is encountered, as it poses greater Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) distance than others. Besides, study of initial isolation distance following an accident in case of benzene tanker found that benzene spillage requires larger initial isolation distance than others and so are the day and night protective action zone distances. 相似文献
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This study provides an overview of calcium rich industrial wastes usage in construction materials, their properties and different applications... 相似文献
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) depends upon lifestyle, urbanization and income level of population. Solid waste management is one of the... 相似文献
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The production of electricity is important, suitable and secure for human living, yet electricity is actually generated mainly from fossil fuels and nuclear energy, calling for renewable energies such as solar, wind and tidal renewable energies such as solar, wind and tidal. Solar energy is broadly harvested by various types of solar cells. Three-dimensional perovskite solar cell exhibits high power conversion efficiency of 25.2% with low stability, whereas two-dimensional perovskite solar cell exhibits better stability with moderate power conversion efficiency. Hence, we review two-dimensional perovskite solar cells fabricated with varying numbers of hybrid two-dimensional perovskite layers, organic cations, deposition techniques, the addition of additives and capping layers to improve power conversion efficiency with long-term better stability.
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