卧龙湖浮游动物丰度的季节变化及其与水环境因子的关系

为给卧龙湖(国家良好湖泊生态环境保护试点)生态保护工作提供依据,文章于2014年5~10月对卧龙湖的浮游动物群落结构和不同水环境因子开展了监测,以期明确两者之间的关系。结果表明:研究区浮游动物丰度高,均值达到128.2×10~3 ind/L,浮游动物丰度季节差异显著(P<0.05),夏季(196.2×10~3 ind/L)>春季(154.0×10~3 ind/L)>秋季(25.1×10~3 ind/L);通过克里格插值分析,发现研究区浮游动物季节分布的空间异质性高,春季浮游动物丰度呈现从湖岸带到湖心递减趋势,南部是浮游动物的主要聚集区,而在夏秋季节,浮游动物丰度的高值区域逐渐向东北湖区偏移;通过典范对应分析,研究区内浮游动物分布主要受浊度、温度、营养物质和污染物等因素的影响,同时夏秋季节浮游动物丰度的高值区域逐渐向东北湖区偏移可能与城北明渠在湖区东北部汇入有关。     

Graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalysts in the applications of environmental catalysis

Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has shown great prospects in converting solar energy into chemical energy to mitigate energy crisis and solve environmental pollution problems. The key issue is the development of high-efficiency photocatalysts. Various strategies in the state-of-the-art advancements, such as heterostructure construction, heteroatom doping, metal/single atom loading, and defect engineering, have been presented for the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-based nanocomposite catalysts to design their surface chemical environments and internal electronic structures to make them more suitable for different photocatalytic applications. In this review, nanoarchitecture design, synthesis methods, photochemical properties, potential photocatalytic applications, and related reaction mechanisms of the modified high-efficiency carbon nitride-based photocatalysts were briefly summarized. The superior photocatalytic performance was identified to be associated with the enhanced visible-light response, fast photoinduced electron-hole separation, efficient charge migration, and increased unsaturated active sites. Moreover, the further advance of the visible-light harvesting and solar-to-energy conversions are proposed.     

可持续发展视角下的中国和印度能源发展对比研究

能源转型是全球落实联合国2030可持续发展目标过程中的重要议题,在发展中国家尤为突出。中国和印度作为世界上最大的两个发展中国家,面临着相似的能源转型挑战。本文利用能源发展指数(Energy Development Index,EDI)方法,从能源可获得性与可负担性两个维度衡量比较了中印能源发展利用情况。研究结果表明,印度能源发展在总体上落后于中国,其主要差距表现在能源价格与能源结构两方面。其中,印度能源价格呈增长态势,2010—2014年年均增速达9.6%;而中国能源平均价格整体呈下降趋稳态势(除煤气价格外)。同时,印度能源消费结构中的传统生物质能源占比较高,是中国传统生物质能源占比的6.6倍(2017年)。研究指出,从传统能源向可再生能源的转变是中印两国提升能源可持续供给能力和现代能源服务体系的重要途径,两国可以通过绿色技术合作共同解决能源可持续转型问题,携手实现全球低碳可持续发展目标。     

柴油机污染物排放后处理技术的研究进展

国内外柴油机主要排放物NOx和微粒的后处理技术的研究现状和最新技术发展动态表明，机内、机外处理技术的组合，是达到未来柴油机排放标准、实现大幅度降低柴油机污染物排放的趋势。分析了各种机外净化技术的特点和存在问题，阐述了燃油含硫量对柴油机排放后处理的影响。     

Influence of deployment time and surface wind speed on the accuracy of measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes using a closed chamber method under low surface wind speed

As a convenient method, the closed chamber method has been applied to determine gaseous emission fluxes from fully open animal feeding operations despite the measured fluxes being theoretically affected by deployment time, wind speed over the emitting surface and detected gas mass. This laboratory study evaluated the effects of deployment time (0 to 120 min) and external surface wind speed (ESWS) (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 m sec^-1) on the measurement accuracy of a 300 mm (diameter) × 400 mm (height) (D300×H400) closed chamber using methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) as reference gases. The results showed that the overall deviation ratio between the measured and reference CH₄ fluxes ranged from 9.99 % to -37.32 % and the flux was overestimated in the first 20 min. The measured N₂O and SF₆ emissions were smaller than the reference fluxes using the chamber. N₂O measurement accuracy decreased from -14.47 to -35.09% with deployment time extended to 120 min, while SF₆ accuracy sharply increased in the first 40 min, with the deviation stabilizing at approximately -5.00%. CH₄, N₂O and SF₆ measurements were significantly affected by deployment time and ESWS (P<0.05), and the interaction of those two factors greatly influenced CH₄ and SF₆ measurements (P<0.05). With the D300×H400 closed chamber, deployment times of 20 to 30 min and 10 to 20 min are recommended to measure CH₄ and N₂O, respectively, from the open operations of dairy farms under wind speeds lower than 2 m sec^-1.

Implications: This study recommended the suitable deployment times and wind speeds for using a D300 × H400 closed chamber to measure CH₄, N₂O, and SF₆ in an open system, such as a dairy open lot and manure stockpile, to help researchers and other related industry workers get accurate data for gas emission rate. Deployment times of 20 to 30 min and 10 to 20 min were recommended to measure CH₄ and N₂O emissions using the D300 × H400 closed chamber, respectively, from the open operations of dairy farms under wind speeds lower than 2 m sec^?1. For the measurement of SF₆, a typical tracer gas, a deployment of 70 to 90 min was suggested.     

仿酶配合物四苯基卟啉铁(Ⅱ)的制备及模型油催化脱硫特性的研究

以四苯基卟啉为原料和氯化亚铁合成了仿酶配合物-四苯基卟啉铁(Ⅱ)(TPPFe),产物结构通过红外(IR)、紫外(UV)和元素分析得到验证。在H2O2氧化脱硫体系中考察了不同反应条件下产物对含二苯并噻吩(DBT)的模型油氧化脱硫的催化效果。结果显示,在催化剂四苯基卟啉铁(Ⅱ)用量为0.04 g、氧化剂H2O2用量为0.20 m L、反应温度为50℃及反应时间3 h的较优条件下,DBT的氧化脱除率可达62.0%,展现了产物较好的催化活性。     

卧龙湖湿地生态系统与生态经济可持续发展的能值分析

采用能值理论,评估了卧龙湖湿地多年平均能值投入及其生态服务价值,并分析了卧龙湖湿地生态系统结构功能及系统内外的物质、能量流动特征。结果显示,卧龙湖湿地生态系统的年能值投入为4.94×101 9sej,其中自然资源能值投入为1.75×101 9s ej,经济反馈的能值投入为3.60×1019sej:能值投资率为2.06,能值自给率仅为0.27,且环境负载率较高。此外,卧龙湖湿地生态系统能提供较高的生态系统服务价值,尤其是蒸腾作用,为每年每公顷269万美元,远远高于其他湿地。对研究结果的分析表明,区域经济发展对于卧龙湖湿地的依赖性很强,而目前卧龙湖湿地的环境负载率较高,因此,加强对卧龙湖湿地的保护和恢复,对于促进区域经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

防风抑尘网开孔形式对流场的影响

应用CFD模拟软件Fluent 6.2提供的标准κ-ε模型,以流场数值模拟的方法对防风网结构及其网后流场进行流场模拟,研究了防风网开孔形式对物料堆表面速度、压力和湍动能变化的影响。模拟结果表明,物料堆表面风速由料堆底部沿迎风面表面向上逐渐增大,并在物料堆顶部附近出现边界层分离,使得背风面形成速度回流区;物料堆表面的压力由料堆底部沿迎风面表面向上逐渐降低,背风面则变化不大;在物料堆顶部湍动能较大,容易起尘。综合分析各个影响因素,圆形开孔防风网的挡风效果最佳。     

水溶开采岩盐矿环境影响评价重点与污染防治措施探讨

随着科技进步和经济发展,地下卤水和岩盐矿床逐步得到开发利用,该类矿床开采引起的环境影响日益受到关注。本文在分析水溶开采岩盐矿钻探工艺和采输工程基础上,重点分析了岩盐矿水溶开采项目环境影响评价中的污染源及源强,着重阐述了重点污染源的环境影响。并针对特征环境影响因素提出了指导性的环境防护措施。     

Characterizing ecological risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water from Lake Taihu, China

Lake Taihu provides vital ecological services for humans in China; it receives a great deal of attention regarding its ecological and environmental conditions. In this study, the ecological risks of eight individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water were assessed using probabilistic distributions of the hazard quotient based on Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the 95th percentile of the hazard quotients ranged from 0.00074 to 2.831, and the ecological risk of Flua was highest, followed by, in descending order of risk, B[a]P?>?Pyr?>?Ant?>?Phe?>?Flu?>?Ace?>?Chr. The probabilities of hazard quotients exceeding a decision criteria of 0.3 were 18.09%, 6.51%, 3.76%, and 2.85% for Flua, B[a]P, Pyr, and Ant, respectively, indicating their potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms. The spatial distribution of hazard quotients for these four individual PAHs with potential ecological risk were obtained using Geographic Information System (GIS), and similar spatial distribution patterns were also observed in the lake. The highest ecological risks of these four individual PAHs to aquatic organisms were found in Meiliang Bay, followed by Gonghu Bay and Xukou Bay. The uncertainty within the ecological risk assessment was also discussed.