The nitritation performance of biofilm reactor for treating domestic wastewater under high dissolved oxygen

The objective of this study was to investigate the nitritation performance in a biofilm reactor for treating domestic wastewater.The reactor was operated in continuous feed mode from phases 1 to 3.The dissolved oxygen(DO)was controlled at 3.5–7 mg/L throughout the experiment.The biofilm reactor showed excellent nitritation performance after the inoculation of nitrifying sludge,with the hydraulic retention time being reduced from 24 to 7 hr.Above 90%nitrite accumulation ratio(NAR)was maintained in phase 1.Afterwards,nitratation occurred with the low NH_4~+–N concentration in the reactor.The improvement of NH_4~+–N concentration to 20–35 mg/L had a limited effect on the recovery of nitritation.However,nitritation recovered rapidly when sequencing batch feed mode was adopted in phase 4,with the effluent NH_4~+-N concentration above 7 mg/L.The improvement of ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB)activity and the combined inhibition effect of free ammonia(FA)and free nitrous acid(FNA)on the nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB)were two key factors for the rapid recovery of nitritation.Sludge activity was obtained in batch tests.The results of batch tests had a good relationship with the long term operation performance of the biofilm reactor.     

Influence of deployment time and surface wind speed on the accuracy of measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes using a closed chamber method under low surface wind speed

As a convenient method, the closed chamber method has been applied to determine gaseous emission fluxes from fully open animal feeding operations despite the measured fluxes being theoretically affected by deployment time, wind speed over the emitting surface and detected gas mass. This laboratory study evaluated the effects of deployment time (0 to 120 min) and external surface wind speed (ESWS) (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 m sec^-1) on the measurement accuracy of a 300 mm (diameter) × 400 mm (height) (D300×H400) closed chamber using methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) as reference gases. The results showed that the overall deviation ratio between the measured and reference CH₄ fluxes ranged from 9.99 % to -37.32 % and the flux was overestimated in the first 20 min. The measured N₂O and SF₆ emissions were smaller than the reference fluxes using the chamber. N₂O measurement accuracy decreased from -14.47 to -35.09% with deployment time extended to 120 min, while SF₆ accuracy sharply increased in the first 40 min, with the deviation stabilizing at approximately -5.00%. CH₄, N₂O and SF₆ measurements were significantly affected by deployment time and ESWS (P<0.05), and the interaction of those two factors greatly influenced CH₄ and SF₆ measurements (P<0.05). With the D300×H400 closed chamber, deployment times of 20 to 30 min and 10 to 20 min are recommended to measure CH₄ and N₂O, respectively, from the open operations of dairy farms under wind speeds lower than 2 m sec^-1.

Implications: This study recommended the suitable deployment times and wind speeds for using a D300 × H400 closed chamber to measure CH₄, N₂O, and SF₆ in an open system, such as a dairy open lot and manure stockpile, to help researchers and other related industry workers get accurate data for gas emission rate. Deployment times of 20 to 30 min and 10 to 20 min were recommended to measure CH₄ and N₂O emissions using the D300 × H400 closed chamber, respectively, from the open operations of dairy farms under wind speeds lower than 2 m sec^?1. For the measurement of SF₆, a typical tracer gas, a deployment of 70 to 90 min was suggested.     

合肥市典型入湖河流有机紫外吸收剂污染特征及生态风险

为了解合肥市注入巢湖的河流中有机紫外吸收剂污染情况,分析了入湖河流水和沉积物中12种有机紫外吸收剂的污染水平及其生态风险.结果表明,水中有机紫外吸收剂总含量为194~587 ng·L~(-1),均值为374 ng·L~(-1).二苯甲酮(BP)是最主要的有机紫外吸收剂类污染物,平均占紫外吸收剂总含量的50.7%.沉积物中有机紫外吸收剂总含量为9.39~178 ng·g-1,均值为50.5 ng·g-1,奥克立林(OC)、BP和2-(2'-羟基-5'-叔辛基苯基)苯并三唑(UV-329)为主要组成.污染来源分析表明,水和沉积物中有机紫外吸收剂主要来源于化妆品和工业品中使用的紫外线吸收剂的排放.基于评价因子法推导了预测无效应浓度(PNEC)值,利用风险商(RQ)法评价了11种有机紫外吸收剂的生态风险.水样中二苯甲酮-3(BP-3)对藻类存在中等风险,约半数的水样中胡莫柳酯(HMS)和OC对藻类也存在中等风险,50%的水样中4-甲氧基肉桂酸-2-乙基己酯(EHMC)对藻类存在低到中等风险,水样中水杨酸-2-乙基己基酯(EHS)对水生生物存在较低风险,BP对黑头呆鱼也存在较低风险,其它有机紫外吸收剂对水生生物基本不存在风险.沉积物中,BP-3、BP分别对藻类、黑头呆鱼存在较低风险;沉积物中9种log Kow5的有机紫外吸收剂均不存在潜在生态风险.     

Graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalysts in the applications of environmental catalysis

Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has shown great prospects in converting solar energy into chemical energy to mitigate energy crisis and solve environmental pollution problems. The key issue is the development of high-efficiency photocatalysts. Various strategies in the state-of-the-art advancements, such as heterostructure construction, heteroatom doping, metal/single atom loading, and defect engineering, have been presented for the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-based nanocomposite catalysts to design their surface chemical environments and internal electronic structures to make them more suitable for different photocatalytic applications. In this review, nanoarchitecture design, synthesis methods, photochemical properties, potential photocatalytic applications, and related reaction mechanisms of the modified high-efficiency carbon nitride-based photocatalysts were briefly summarized. The superior photocatalytic performance was identified to be associated with the enhanced visible-light response, fast photoinduced electron-hole separation, efficient charge migration, and increased unsaturated active sites. Moreover, the further advance of the visible-light harvesting and solar-to-energy conversions are proposed.     

可持续发展视角下的中国和印度能源发展对比研究

能源转型是全球落实联合国2030可持续发展目标过程中的重要议题,在发展中国家尤为突出。中国和印度作为世界上最大的两个发展中国家,面临着相似的能源转型挑战。本文利用能源发展指数(Energy Development Index,EDI)方法,从能源可获得性与可负担性两个维度衡量比较了中印能源发展利用情况。研究结果表明,印度能源发展在总体上落后于中国,其主要差距表现在能源价格与能源结构两方面。其中,印度能源价格呈增长态势,2010—2014年年均增速达9.6%;而中国能源平均价格整体呈下降趋稳态势(除煤气价格外)。同时,印度能源消费结构中的传统生物质能源占比较高,是中国传统生物质能源占比的6.6倍(2017年)。研究指出,从传统能源向可再生能源的转变是中印两国提升能源可持续供给能力和现代能源服务体系的重要途径,两国可以通过绿色技术合作共同解决能源可持续转型问题,携手实现全球低碳可持续发展目标。     

柴油机污染物排放后处理技术的研究进展

国内外柴油机主要排放物NOx和微粒的后处理技术的研究现状和最新技术发展动态表明，机内、机外处理技术的组合，是达到未来柴油机排放标准、实现大幅度降低柴油机污染物排放的趋势。分析了各种机外净化技术的特点和存在问题，阐述了燃油含硫量对柴油机排放后处理的影响。     

全氟辛烷磺酸对哮喘小鼠炎症反应的影响

探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)暴露对哮喘小鼠Th1/Th2炎症反应的影响。选择36只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为6组:对照组、卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)单独致敏组、PFOS染毒组(0.1、1、5、10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) PFOS+OVA致敏),每组6只。染毒和诱发哮喘后第26天收集肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行有核细胞总数和嗜酸性粒细胞计数;用Luminex技术测定BALF中细胞因子白细胞介素-5(interleukin-5,IL-5)、白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)和γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)水平;肺组织切片染色观察其病理变化。随PFOS暴露浓度的增加,嗜酸粒细胞总数呈上升趋势(P0.05),IL-5/IFN-γ比值增加(P0.05);其中10 mg·kg~(-1)·d-1PFOS+OVA组BALF中的白细胞总数显著高于OVA单独组(P0.05),IL-4水平及IL-4/IFN-γ比值显著高于OVA单独组(P0.05),且与单独OVA组相比小鼠气道粘膜及粘膜下层厚度更厚,炎症细胞浸润更明显,PAS染色阳性的气道上皮细胞明显更高。PFOS能加重哮喘小鼠肺部的炎症反应并诱导Th2型细胞因子的表达。     

台湾儿童血清全氟化合物与血脂关联的性别差异研究

目的:全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)是广泛应用于工业和生活领域的全氟化合物,在人体及环境介质中均可检出。近几年的流行病学研究表明儿童PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平与血脂水平具有相关性。本研究拟进一步研究血清全氟化合物水平与儿童血脂间关联的性别差异。方法:以台湾儿童为研究对象,分析血清中总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三脂(TG)等生化指标与PFOS和PFOA血清水平的相关性。结果:线性回归模型分析表明男生血清PFOS、PFOA水平与血脂水平具有显著相关性。当男生血清中ln-PFOS和ln-PFOA水平每增加1 ng·m L~(-1)时,TC含量分别增高0.51 mg·d L~(-1)(95%CI:0.30~0.72)和6.53 mg·d L~(-1)(95%CI:1.96~11.11),但在女生中则没有观察到血清PFOS和PFOA水平与TC的相关性。趋势分析结果显示,随着儿童血清中PFOS和PFOA水平的增加,男生和女生血脂的TC、LDL和TG含量呈增高趋势。结论:台湾儿童血清PFOS和PFOA水平与血脂水平存在正相关,且在男生中观察到的效应强于女生。     

喷雾冷凝法制备高性能乳酸菌微胶囊

活菌制剂进入动物消化道后由于经受胃酸、胆盐以及消化酶等的作用而造成活性丧失及肠道定殖困难是目前乳杆菌制剂应用的瓶颈问题.本研究通过喷雾冷凝法制备干酪乳杆菌微胶囊以增强乳杆菌在人体的益生功能.选用不同浓度的海藻酸钠溶液与氯化钙溶液作为壁材,考察喷雾冷凝法制备乳杆菌微胶囊的包埋率、胃肠道释放等情况.通过比较微胶囊的包埋率和粒径分布的效果后,选择海藻酸钠浓度为2%、氯化钙浓度为3%的芯壁材(包埋率最高达95.80%)制备干酪乳杆菌微胶囊.初始活菌数为109cfu/mL的乳酸菌微胶囊经模拟人体胃液处理3 h后,仅有24.17%的活菌溢出,证明微胶囊处理后的乳杆菌能够抵抗较低pH值及胃蛋白酶的作用.之后将微胶囊置入模拟人体肠液中,60 min后微胶囊释放率达到84.22%,表明上述方法制备的乳杆菌微胶囊能够在肠道中释放定殖并发挥其益生作用.进一步研究表明,添加变性淀粉作为益生元,能够增强乳酸菌微胶囊的耐酸性能,并且在肠液中释放后活菌出现继续增殖的现象.上述研究结果为选择高效保护剂应用喷雾冷凝法制备乳酸菌微胶囊奠定了研究基础.     

中空纤维膜制备技术研究进展

中空纤维膜具有比表面积大、产量高、造价低、便于维护管理等优点,得到了广泛的应用与研究。综述了中空纤维膜的特点、分类,不同中空纤维膜所用喷丝头的构造、制备原理及主要用途,纺丝液组成及纺丝工艺参数对膜性能的影响,并对膜的应用前景进行了展望。