热能（火用）平衡在芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中的实践

运用热能（火用）平衡理论于芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中,建立了芳烃分离装置热能（火用）平衡。热能（火用）平衡测算结果表明：此芳烃分离装置的热能利用效率（实际）为61．65％、热（火用）利用效率（实际）为59．77％、热力学第一定律效率和热力学第二定律效率分别为23．93％和7．76％。依据清洁生产审核思路,对此芳烃分离装置的热能（火用）利用效率进行了原因分析并提出了预防对策,可为提出清洁生产方案提供定量化依据。     

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

在氧化沟中构建微生物燃料电池

在氧化沟中构建了微生物燃料电池,经测定微生物燃料电池电压为0.24～0.39 V,均值为0.29 V.经计算该微生物燃料电池的产电功率为0.05～0.15 mW,均值为0.08 mW.构建了微生物燃料电池的氧化沟COD去除率为75％～ 90％,TN去除率为5％～38％;无微生物燃料电池的氧化沟COD去除率为77％～89％,TN去除率为5％～23％.构建微生物燃料电池后能减少氧化沟内外沟中污泥的增加量,约减少15％.     

Characteristics of gaseous pollutants from biofuel-stoves in rural China

The research team analyzed the emission characteristics of gaseous pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from biomass combustion in improved stoves in rural China. The research included measurements from five biofuels and two stove types in the months of January, April, and September. The measurements were conducted according to U.S. EPA Method 25 using a collection system with a cooling device and two-level filters. CO, CO₂, NO_x, CH₄ and THC analyzers were used for in-field, real-time emission measurements. The emission data indicate that gaseous pollutants were emitted at higher concentrations in the early combustion stage and lower concentrations in the later stage. CH₄ and THC, as well as CO and CO₂, presented positive relationships during the whole entire combustion process for all tests. The chemical profiles of flue gas samples were analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID/ECD. Aromatics, carbonyls, and alkenes & alkynes dominated the VOC emissions, respectively accounting for 37%, 33%, and 23% of total VOC emissions by volume. Benzene was the most abundant VOC species, consisting of 17.3 ± 8.1% of VOCs, followed by propylene (11.3 ± 3.5%), acetone (10.8 ± 8.2%), toluene (7.3 ± 5.7%) and acetaldehyde (6.5 ± 7.3%). Carbon mass balance approach was applied to calculate CO, CO₂, CH₄, NO_x, and VOC species emission factors. This analysis includes a discussion of the differences among VOC emission factors of different biofuel-stove combinations.     

贵州省赫章县土法炼锌过程中汞的释放量初步研究

对赫章县铅锌矿石、冶炼矿渣、煤、煤渣中汞含量进行了测定．结果表明,矿石中汞含量与锌含量存在显的正相关关系．基于上述测定结果并运用质量平衡法则,计算出不同类型矿石原料在冶炼过程中向大气的释汞因子：硫化矿为每生产It的Zn向大气释放155g的Hg;氧化矿为每生产It的Zn向大气释放79g的Hg．结合上述释放因子,对赫章土法炼锌过程中汞释放量进行了估算。     

空心壳聚糖微球对二甲酚橙的吸附性能研究

以生物可降解的壳聚糖为原料,采用反相悬浮交联法制备了具有空壳结构的壳聚糖微球,通过控制反应条件得到单分散性的微米级微球.通过分光光度法探讨了溶液初始pH、吸附时间、二甲酚橙初始浓度、壳聚糖微球用量及其直径对壳聚糖微球吸附二甲酚橙的影响.结果表明,常温下壳聚糖微球对二甲酚橙的最佳吸附条件为:溶液初始pH为5,吸附时间为2.0 h,二甲酚橙初始质量浓度为32 mg/L,壳聚糖微球用量为0.3 g/L(以每升二甲酚橙溶液计),壳聚糖微球直径为74 靘;在此最佳吸附条件下,采用分光光度法对二甲酚橙模拟废水进行测定,相应的回收率误差均在-1%～1%.     

基于GIS的台风灾害损失评估模型研究

由于台风灾害所造成的损失有些是无法用精确的数学模型来描述,其损失可能是一个区间值。为准确及时地了解台风灾害过程中可能造成灾害损失等级的大小,选择了降水量、降水强度、最大风速、经济易损性作为评价的指标。采用可拓分析方法,将评价指标及其特征值作为物元,通过计算综合关联度判断灾害损失的等级;建立基于GIS的台风灾害损失评估模型,以实现台风灾害的动态评估。     

ZE-1号印染废水脱色菌群结构与功能的研究

印染废水是水体的主要工业污染源之一。研究表明,利用微生物对印染废水进行脱色处理是一条可行的途径。浙江省环保科研所曾选育得到一组脱色性能较好,具有应用前景的混合菌群。命名为ZE-1号脱色菌群。     

Environmental contamination of heavy metals from zinc smelting areas in Hezhang County, western Guizhou, China

Total heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations were evaluated in smelting waste, soil, crop and moss samples collected from the Hezhang artisanal zinc smelting areas, Guizhou, China. Soil samples from the cornfield near the smelting sites contained extremely high Cd (5.8-74 mg kg(-1)), Pb (60-14,000 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (260-16,000 mg kg(-1)) concentrations. Elevated heavy metal concentrations were also found in corn plants and total Pb (0.80-1.5 mg kg(-1)) and Cd (0.05-0.76 mg kg(-1)) concentrations in corn grain have totally or partially exceeded the national guidance limits for foodstuff. Thus, the soil-to-crop transfer of heavy metals might pose a potential health risk to the local residents. Similar to the high heavy metal levels in soil and corn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in moss samples collected from the smelting sites ranged from 10 to 110, 10 to 55, 26 to 51, 400 to 1200 and 330 to 1100 mg kg(-1), respectively, exhibiting a local spatial pattern of metals deposition from the atmosphere. Based on examination of Zn/Cd and Pb/Cd ratios of the analyzed samples, we have distinguished between the flue gas dust derived and smelting waste derived metals in different environmental compartments.     

利用炼钢炉尘制备氧化铁脱硫剂的研究

研究以炼钢废弃炉尘经过助溶酸浸法浸出铁成分,然后利用浸出物制备焦炉煤气脱硫用氧化铁脱硫剂的工艺,探讨了硫酸浓度、反应时间、反应温度、盐酸用量和助溶剂用量等因素对铁浸出率的影响。理化性能评价结果显示制得的脱硫剂能够满足焦炉煤气干法脱硫的工业应用要求。