水力负荷及固相碳源对BAF+多级土壤渗滤组合工艺处理污水的影响研究

碳源的选择及曝气量的控制是影响多级土壤渗滤系统(multi-soil-laying,即MSL)脱氮效果的重要因素.试验采用BAF+MSL两段式新型组合工艺,避免了传统MSL曝气过量抑制反硝化脱氮的风险.考察了不同水力负荷下,BAF+MSL对生活污水的净化效果,并比较研究了以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为反硝化碳源的MSL-1及木屑为碳源的MSL-2的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,不同水力负荷下,系统对SS平均去除率为94.08%,对COD的去除率均在80%以上,出水COD在20mg·L-1以下.水力负荷对系统BAF段硝化性能影响较小,对MSL反硝化脱氮影响较大.BAF水力负荷为0.5、1及2m·3m-·2d-1时,BAF对NH4+-N的去除率均在90%以上,对TN的平均去除率依次为26.53%、11.09%、5.71%;对应MSL段水力负荷分别为0.25、0.50及1m·3m-·2d-1时,MSL-1对TN平均去除率分别为87.39%、65.09%、45.56%,MSL-2平均去除率依次为61.51%、42.52%、31.32%.MSL-1脱氮性能明显优于MSL-2,而两者除磷效果区别较小.随着水力负荷增大,MSL对TP去除率依次降低,MSL-1对TP平均去除率最高为91.97%.     

放牧对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸土壤环境的影响

以祁连山北支冷龙岭东段南麓的干柴滩夏季牧场集体长期混合(藏系绵羊、牦牛)放牧的高寒金露梅Potentilla froticosa灌丛草场为对象,利用空间分布代替时间演替的方法,采用方格网法取样分析,研究了土壤容重、土壤水分、土壤养分等的变化,结果表明:随着放牧压力梯度的增加,灌丛斑块和丛间草地斑块0～10 cm土层密度显著增加、毛管孔度下降显著,而10～20 cm土层的变化不显著.随放牧压力梯度的增加,土壤水分减少,金露梅灌丛0～10 cm土壤水分低于10～25 cm土层的,而丛间草地的相反.随着放牧压力梯度的增加,金露梅灌丛和丛间草地的土壤水分逐渐减少.随放牧压力梯度的增加,0～25 cm土层的土壤有机质由108.73 mg·g-1下降到80.30 mg·g-1;金露梅灌丛和丛间草地0～10 cm土壤全氮、全磷均显著降低,其中全氮平均降幅达17.07%,全磷平均降幅为29.14%,而10～25 cm土层的全氮、全磷变化不显著;放牧使土壤速效钾显著增加,其中丛间草地的增幅是41.9%,灌丛的增幅为30.18%;放牧使0～10 cm土壤pH值显著升高,对丛间草地的pH值影响比灌丛的大.     

不同火灾下建筑常用防火板材隔热性能试验研究∗

利用防火板材防护钢构件是钢结构防火的重要措施之一,而防火板材的隔热性能决定了钢结构的耐火性能, 为了研究建筑领域常用防火板材隔热性能,以及防火板材受火破坏形态和隔热性能随温度变化的规律,设计制作了 14 个防火板隔热性能试件,在三种火灾工况下对建筑领域常用防火板材进行隔热性能试验。研究结果表明：(1) 板材受火后的破坏形态和裂纹开展情况都与火灾升温历史有关;(2)板材受热过程中分解的结合水蒸发吸热是缓解钢板升温的重要影响因素之一;(3)用 ISO 834 标准升温下板材温度平台区域的 λ 取值结果来指导其他两种火灾情形下防火构造设计是安全的;(4)利用板材表面空气温度和钢板温度测试结果获得了板材导热系数,数值模拟计算与试验结果吻合良好,验证了采用导热系数测量方法的可靠性;(5)利用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法,分析得到石膏板的温度?等效导热系数简化曲线的两个重要敏感参数：热质传递影响温度区间等效导热系数结束变化的温度点(470 ℃)和该温度区间的等效导热系数波谷极值大小。     

紫外活化过硫酸盐工艺降解水中磺胺二甲氧嘧啶动力学特征与机理

采用紫外活化过硫酸盐(UV/PS)工艺降解典型磺胺类抗生素磺胺二甲氧嘧啶(SDM),比较单一紫外(UV)、单一过硫酸盐(PS)和UV/PS对SDM的去除效果,考察各因素对降解动力学的影响,并探究其降解机理,对SDM及其中间产物进行毒性测定和风险评价.结果显示,UV/PS可以加速SDM降解,反应速率常数分别是单一UV和单...     

Treatment of soybean wastewater by a wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides and to produce protein under natural conditions

The conventional treatment method of soybean wastewater is expensive and generates waste sludge that requires further handling. Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) wastewater treatment is a clean technology and can generate single cell protein while degrading pollutants. A wild strain of PNSB, Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08, was isolated from local soil and was used to treat soybean wastewater. To develop a cost-effective process, the work was performed under natural conditions without artificial light, aeration, nutrients addition, or pH and temperature adjustment. The results showed that the wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08 could grow well under natural conditions. The growth curve showed two quick-growth periods and a turning point. The Z08 treatment of soybean wastewater was zero order reaction and COD reduction was 96% after 10 d. The major byproducts of the process were C2-C5 organic acids, predominantly butyric acid. No alcohol was found in the effluent. The initial COD/bacterial-mass ratio (F/M) had a significant effect on soybean wastewater treatment efficiency. When the initial F/M was lower than 10 mg-COD/mg-bacteria, a sufficient amount of time to achieve 90% of COD reduction was only three days. The Z08 biomass yield was 0.28g·g⁻¹, and the bacterial protein content was 52%.     

Cathode ray tube (CRT) recycling: current capabilities in China and research progress

It is estimated that approximately 6,000,000 scrap TVs and 10,000,000 personal computers are generated each year in China. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) from these machines consist of 85% glass (65% panel, 30% funnel and 5% neck glass). The leaded glass (funnel-24%, neck-30%) may seriously pollute the environment if it is not properly disposed of. In this paper, the past, current and future status of CRT dismantling technologies as well as the CRT glass recycling situation in China are presented and discussed. Recycling technology for waste CRTs in China is still immature. While the conventional CRT dismantling technologies have disadvantages from both economic and environmental viewpoints, some of the new and emerging treatments such as automatic optical sorting facilities that have been applied in developed countries offer advantages, and therefore should be transferred to China in the next few years to solve the CRT pre-processing problem. Meanwhile, because the demand for CRT glass closed-loop recycling is extremely limited, the authorities should take effective measures to improve CRT glass recycling rates and to facilitate a match to local conditions. Moreover, we also provide a broad review of the research developments in recycling techniques for CRT cullet. The challenge for the future is to transfer these environmentally friendly and energy-saving technologies into practice.     

循环流化床排烟脱硫模型

以微元分析为基础并建立数据模型,分析了床内气、液相温度的变化对液滴 蒸发和对就内传热质过程的影响以及床内气、液相温度沿床高的变化趋势,并且模拟了排烟循环流化床脱硫过程,对钙硫摩尔比Ｃａ／Ｓ,入口烟气温度Ｔｇ,雾化半径ｒ０等参数对脱硫率的影响进行了分析。并与实验结果进行了比较,在下硫比等于１．４,床内温度接近露点温度的情况下,脱硫效率可以达到９６％以上,计算结果与实验结果符合很好。     

超声波降解水中的氯苯

考察了用超声波降解水中氯苯的可行性、动力学、产物和TOC变化。在 2 0kHz和 4 0W的超声波作用下 ,氯苯的一级降解常数为 0 0 5 /min。随着所加超声功率的增高 ,氯苯降解常数呈线性增加。 30min内超声脱氯效率达到 6 6 % ,TOC去除达到 4 3%。     

表面活性剂对紫背浮萍吸收氮磷的影响

采用室内培养方法,以氨氮和总磷以及植物生长量作为观测指标,分别研究了阴离子型表面活性剂LAS、阳离子型表面活性剂CTMAB和非离子型表面活性剂Tween-80对紫背浮萍吸收氮磷及植株生长的影响。结果表明,无表面活性剂影响时紫背浮萍在模拟富营养化水体中生长良好并表现出很强的氮磷去除能力;LAS和CTMAB浓度低于1 mg/L时,紫背浮萍对总磷的吸收比对氨氮的吸收更易受影响;当浓度达到10 mg/L时,LAS和CTMAB的存在使紫背浮萍明显受到损伤,氮磷吸收率出现负值,而非离子型表面活性剂毒性相对最小,对紫背浮萍吸收氮磷的影响明显低于阴离子型和阳离子型的表面活性剂。     

丝状菌对生物淋滤去除底泥中重金属的促进作用

利用氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f)对采自株洲霞湾港底泥中的Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn 4种重金属进行生物淋滤实验,在实验中加入丝状菌考察其对重金属去除效果的影响。结果表明,丝状菌可以有效抑制低分子量有机酸对A.f的毒害作用,促进各种重金属的去除。当加入10%(体积比)的丝状菌后,生物淋滤过程中系统pH值在5 d内降低到2以下,Fe2+在4 d内完全氧化。经过10 d的处理,Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn 4种重金属的最高去除率分别达到76.3%、92.5%、52.6%和88.5%,与不加入丝状菌的处理相比,达到最大去除率所需的时间缩短1~2 d,4种重金属中,丝状菌的加入对Pb的去除促进作用最为明显,其去除率增加1倍左右。因此,在生物淋滤处理重金属-有机物复合污染底泥工艺中接入丝状菌对处理效果有很好的促进作用。