固态发酵过程中微生物总DNA提取方法比较

为了分析固态发酵过程中微生物群落的多样性及演替情况,对比研究了从固态发酵中提取细菌和真菌DNA的3种方法--溶壁酶法、超声波法、液氮研磨 CTAB法.使用紫外分光光度计测定了由不同提取方法得到的DNA的产量与纯度;使用细菌16S rDNA基因通用引物(341F和907R)和真菌18S rDNA基因通用引物(NU-SSU-0817和NU-SSU-119)对DNA进行了PCR扩增;采用DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)法对固态发酵中细菌和真菌的多样性进行了分析.结果显示,3种方法得到的粗提和纯化DNA长度均约为23 kb;细菌和真菌PCR产物长度分别约为586 bp和422 bp.细菌和真菌PCR产物的DGGE分析表明,3种方法提取的DNA所反映的微生物多样性比较一致;但紫外分光光度计测定结果表明溶壁酶法提取固态发酵中微生物总DNA产量最高,超声波法次之,液氮研磨 CTAB法最低.     

白腐菌固态发酵条件最优化及其降解植物生物质的研究

通过正交实验法对影响白腐菌固态发酵降解稻草木质素的5种单因素培养条件进行了优化．实验结果表明,5种因素的最佳综合水平为：菌种驯化培养8d后以0．8％(质量比)的接种量接种入发酵瓶中,于37℃培养,发酵基质的含水率为85％,同时添加0．3％的吐温80．此外,还对未经降解处理的稻草与在上述最佳发酵条件下经白腐菌降解后的稻草分别作了紫外光谱和红外光谱分析,结果表明经该菌降解后,稻草中的木质素结构被严重破坏,难降解的大分子长键烃被切断成易降解的小分子短键烃．     

平行板双介质阻挡放电处理水相中氯酚的脱氯机理

用平板介质阻挡放电等离子体技术和脉冲辐解方法研究了等离子体条件下水相中的4 氯酚脱氯的机理.研究结果表明,4 氯酚在等离子体中的脱氯近似为表观一级反应;4 氯酚的脱氯率与等离子体的电压和电极间距呈线性关系;溶液的pH值随着处理时间的增加而下降.用脉冲辐解方法得到的瞬态吸收光谱显示,在近中性和酸性条件下,4 氯酚主要经由4 氯酚的OH加合物进一步转化而脱氯;在碱性条件下,4 氯酚直接经过氯代酚氧自由基而进一步脱氯,脱氯率比中性或酸性的高.在等离子体条件下,水相中4 氯酚的脱氯主要是与·OH自由基作用的结果.4 氯酚在等离子体中脱氯后的产物为较易生物降解的酚类和有机酸类.     

PCR-DGGE技术对城市餐厨垃圾堆肥中细菌种群结构分析

使用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术对城市餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中细菌种群结构随时间的变化进行了研究.在堆肥不同时间取样,进行了堆肥温度、pH、含水率、有机质、C/N的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果显示,堆肥温度高于50℃的天数为7d,最高达65℃,可有效杀灭致病菌;最终pH值接近7.5;C/N为20.04.PCR-DGGE图谱显示,不同时间堆肥样中细菌DGGE图谱有着明显的差异性;堆肥升温期细菌种群丰富,优势种群不明显;高温期细菌种群减少,优势种群明显;降温期细菌种群结构基本保持稳定.温度对堆肥过程中细菌种群具有明显的筛选作用.堆肥各阶段DGGE图谱相似性Cs值比较低,堆肥处理后细菌种群结构与堆肥原料之间存在明显差异.     

基于三角模糊数的贝叶斯水质评价模型

将贝叶斯理论和模糊集理论引入水质评价领域,分别描述了水质评价过程中模型结构和参数的不确定性,建立了基于三角模糊数的贝叶斯模糊综合水质评价模型.对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水分别赋值,并根据监测点水质对各类别的后验概率计算水质的综合得分进而确定水质类别.同时,选取了TP、NH4+-N、COD、DO、As及粪大肠菌群为水质评价因子,将建立的模型应用于2010年洞庭湖水质评价中.结果表明,小河嘴、横岭湖、万子湖、目平湖、洞庭湖出口水质达到Ⅱ类水标准;南嘴、岳阳楼水质为Ⅲ类水;东洞庭湖和扁山水质介于Ⅱ类水和Ⅲ类水之间,对各等级的隶属度分别为0.4983/Ⅲ+0.5017/Ⅱ、0.7962/Ⅲ+0.2038/Ⅱ.各监测点位中,仅南嘴水质未达到相应的水质标准.较均值模型、三角模糊数模型和传统贝叶斯模型而言,基于三角模糊数的贝叶斯水质评价模型对不确定性的表达更为全面、更符合实际.     

农业区旱地垂直剖面土壤中重金属赋存形态与生态风险评价

用ICP-OES测定了厦门市农业区某旱地垂直剖面土壤中10种重金属元素的含量,并用改进的BCR四步连续提取法分析了垂直剖面土壤中6种重金属的赋存形态。结果表明,剖面土壤中Cd富集较严重,Pb主要以还原态为主,而Mn、Cu、Fe、V、Zn主要以残渣态存在;重金属生物有效性系数排序为Pb(0.514)Mn(0.398)Cu(0.221)Fe(0.165)V(0.100)Zn(0.059 7),Pb和Mn的生物有效性较高,对环境存在较大的潜在生态危害。次生相与原生相分布比值法对重金属潜在生态风险评价的结果表明,Co、Zn、Fe、V、Cu和Mn处于无污染水平,Pb处于中度污染水平。潜在生态危害指数表明,垂直剖面土壤中潜在生态危害顺序为CdCuPbCrZn,Cd的生态危害系数对多元素综合潜在生态风险的贡献最大,即Cd表现为首要的潜在生态风险因子。     

农业废物好氧堆肥过程因子对细菌群落结构的影响

采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究了农业废物堆肥过程中细菌种群随时间的变化.同时,应用Quantity One2.0和Canoco4.5软件对获得的堆肥细菌种群数据与堆肥过程因子:环境温度、堆体温度、pH、含水率、水溶性有机碳(WSC)、C/N、水溶性氨氮(NH4+-N)和硝氮(NO3--N)进行冗余分析,并做出样点、种群与堆肥过程因子的二维排序图.结果表明,细菌群落(样点)以堆肥过程因子为梯度大体可划分为升温期(1～2d)、高温期(3～11d)、降温期(12～18d)和腐熟期(19～36d)4个阶段,每一阶段均有对应种群存在.不同的堆肥过程因子对细菌种群的影响大小依次为:NO3--N堆体温度WSCC/NNH4+-N含水率pH环境温度,其中,堆体温度、WSC、NO3--N、NH4+-N对细菌种群的影响极显著(p0.01),C/N、pH对细菌种群的影响显著(p0.05),含水率、环境温度对细菌种群的影响不显著.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

Greenhouse gases emissions from solid waste: an analysis of Expo 2010 Shanghai,China

The management of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions is currently a very important environmental issue. Mega-event organizers and host cities have attached great importance to GHGs emissions associated with event-related activities. However, GHGs emissions from event solid waste have never been thoroughly discussed. This study investigated GHGs emissions of major event’s solid waste using life cycle assessment, based on Shanghai Expo case. The results showed that GHGs from collecting and sorting, transportation and landfill treatment amount to 9790 t CO₂e. And the emission intensity is estimated to be 134 g CO₂e per event service. GHGs reduction from recycling amounts to 48 kt CO₂e, with 78 % of these the result of construction waste recycle. It illustrates that waste recycle plays a vital role in GHGs mitigation. Finally, the study suggests that the concept of waste avoidance, waste reuse and waste recycle is an effective waste management to mitigate climate change and should be implemented in major event to achieve the goal of green event.