定量遥感支持下的红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价——以长沙市为例

定量遥感技术的发展为研究区域生态环境敏感性提供了有效的手段.针对红壤丘陵区这一典型的脆弱生态系统,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,建立了红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价信息系统.根据RUSLE方程中的4个自然条件因子对土壤侵蚀敏感性的影响,建立红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀敏感性定量评价指标体系,并对长沙这一典型红壤丘陵区的土壤侵蚀敏感性进行评价.通过解译Lan出at TM/ETM 影像数据获得长沙市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价的K因子、C因子分布图;利用ARCGIS数字化和空间分析得到R因子以及地形起伏度分布(LS因子).通过主成分分析法确定各评价因子的权重;最后通过加权叠加法获得长沙市土壤敏感性评价结果.研究结果表明,高度敏感以上面积2618km2,占全市面积的20.3%,中度敏感面积4404km2,占全市面积的37.2%,轻度以下敏感面积5073km2,占全市面积的42.5%,这说明长沙市土壤侵蚀敏感性较高.     

基于随机模糊理论的土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价及溯源分析

鉴于常用确定性土壤环境污染评价法难以真实、全面地表征实地污染信息,借助随机-模糊耦合理论及多元统计分析技术,建立了基于随机模糊的土壤潜在生态风险评价及溯源分析的决策支持体系.实例研究表明:实例地区土壤中Cd和Ni隶属于极强生态污染和强生态污染的概率分别为100%和26%,应作为优先控制污染因子;40000次模拟下随机模糊评价法得出的实例区域各重金属潜在生态危害系数值的绝对误差基本均小于对应单纯蒙特卡罗模拟方法评价结果的绝对误差,故随机模糊评价法更适用于常见的样本少、样本精度低等情况,可集成更多土壤环境信息;随机模糊评价法可直接通过实数间计算得到结果隶属于各生态风险等级的可信度,在计算效率(1.5 h)上超过单纯的模糊评价方法(3.5 h);基于对模型不确定性的考虑,提出了基于Monte Carlo抽样下的随机模糊模拟(MC-TFN)和Latin Hypercube抽样下的随机模糊模拟(LH-TFN)的联合模拟法,使评价过程更加稳健可靠.多元尺度分析技术下的溯源结论更有助于在评价结果基础上有的放矢地进行相关环境治理与修复决策.     

Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques in red soil hilly region: a case study of Xiangjiang watershed, China

In the study, multivariate statistical methods including factor, principal component and cluster analysis were applied to analyze surface water quality data sets obtained from Xiangjiang watershed, and generated during 7 years (1994-2000) monitoring of 12 parameters at 34 different profiles. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 34 sampling sites into three clusters, including relatively less polluted (LP), medium polluted (MP) and highly polluted (HP) sites, and based on the similarity of water quality characteristics, the watershed was divided into three zones. Factor analysis/principal component analysis, applied to analyze the data sets of the three different groups obtained from cluster analysis, resulted in four latent factors accounting for 71.62%, 71.77% and 72.01% of the total variance in water quality data sets of LP, MP and HP areas, respectively. The PCs obtained from factor analysis indicate that the parameters for water quality variations are mainly related to dissolve heavy metals. Thus, these methods are believed to be valuable to help water resources managers understand complex nature of water quality issues and determine the priorities to improve water quality.     

锰矿尾渣污染土壤商陆根际和非根际土壤酶活性

对湘潭锰矿尾渣库地区商陆根际和非根际土壤酶的活性特征进行了研究,结果表明,商陆根际土壤各种酶的活性显著大于非根际土壤。商陆根际环境对土壤酶活性的影响表现为：蔗糖酶>脲酶>脱氢酶>酸性磷酸酶>过氧化氢酶,根际效应值（R/S）分别为：1.622、1.598、1.586、1.485和1.328。除过氧化氢酶活性外,土壤各种酶活性与重金属复合污染程度显著负相关,表现出重金属复合污染对土壤酶活性的抑制效应。商陆可有效改善土壤环境,提高土壤各种酶的活性,是锰污染土壤植物修复的理想植物。     

动电技术去除城市污泥中镉的研究

采用实际城市污泥为研究对象,通过控制阴极液酸度和添加络合剂,考察了镉的动电过程.结果表明,添加EDTA和柠檬酸不仅改变了动电过程的电流和电渗流,同时对镉的形态分布也产生了明显的影响:存在于移动性较低形态、难以去除的镉被转化为移动性较高的形态,在动电作用下从污泥中移除,从而提高了动电处理的效率,总镉的去除率最高达到70.1%;EDTA和柠檬酸对动电处理的促进作用主要受体系酸度的影响,其中控制阴极pH值为4和8时,总镉的去除率达到66.4%、70.1%、62.3%和66.5%,较pH值为6时去除率提高了2～3倍.比较两种络合剂,EDTA在高pH值条件下对镉的络合能力较强而表现出较高的去除率,而柠檬酸对酸度的适应性相对较强.     

微絮凝-微滤用于印染废水回用反渗透预处理的试验研究

采用微絮凝过滤-微滤作为反渗透的预处理工艺,用于印染废水二级生化出水回用深度处理.试验考察了预处理效果、工艺参数和反渗透系统运行情况,分析了膜污染的类型及特点.试验结果表明,微絮凝过滤-微滤作为反渗透的预处理工艺,系统运行稳定,相对于超滤-反渗透的"双膜法"工艺,投资和运行费用相对较低,有推广应用价值.     

微污染钦用水生物处理中痕量有机物生物降解研究述评

生物膜工艺可以有效去除微污染饮用水源中痕量有机污染物，第二级利用是稳态生物膜降解痕量有机物的主要机理。自然有机物可以作为初级基质支持稳态生物膜的生长，而痕量的合成有机物能作为第二级基质被生物膜降解，缓慢衰减的非稳态生物膜在一段时期内仍能保持对痕量有机物的高效降解。     

Temporal changes in giant panda habitat connectivity across boundaries of Wolong Nature Reserve, China.

Global biodiversity loss is largely driven by human activities such as the conversion of natural to human-dominated landscapes. A popular approach to mitigating land cover change is the designation of protected areas (e.g., nature reserves). Nature reserves are traditionally perceived as strongholds of biodiversity conservation. However, many reserves are affected by land cover changes not only within their boundaries, but also in their surrounding areas. This study analyzed the changes in habitat for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) inside Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China, and in a 3-km buffer area outside its boundaries, through a time series of classified satellite imagery and field observations. Habitat connectivity between the inside and the outside of the reserve diminished between 1965 and 2001 because panda habitat was steadily lost both inside and outside the reserve. However, habitat connectivity slightly increased between 1997 and 2001 due to the stabilization of some panda habitat inside and outside the reserve. This stabilization most likely occurred as a response to changes in socioeconomic activities (e.g., shifts from agricultural to nonagricultural economies). Recently implemented government policies could further mitigate the impacts of land cover change on panda habitat. The results suggest that Wolong Nature Reserve, and perhaps other nature reserves in other parts of the world, cannot be managed as an isolated entity because habitat connectivity declines with land cover changes outside the reserve even if the area inside the reserve is well protected. The findings and approaches presented in this paper may also have important implications for the management of other nature reserves across the world.     

生物活性炭流化-泥滤耦合硝化与反硝化试验

构建生物活性炭流化-泥滤耦合系统,以果壳活性炭为载体,通过连续进水试验研究了系统的硝化与反硝化特性.同时考察了生物活性炭的形成过程及其特征.试验结果表明,通过对反应器中悬浮污泥的排除和进水条件的控制可形成生物活性炭.生物膜在活性炭上的分布受循环流体作用影响,具有独特的空间和微生物生理分布特征.在反应器COD容积负荷约2.2ks·m-3d-3和氨氮容积负荷约0.2ks·m-3d-3的进水条件下,系统对COD和氨氮去除率可分别达到92%和70%;通过对出水的泥滤控制,可以有效地增强系统的反硝化能力;出水pH值的变化也反映出系统兼具硝化与反硝化的效能.     

ASM No.2d模型模拟SBR工艺同步脱氮除磷效能

SBR工艺由于处理上的高效性和操作上的灵活性在世界范围的污水处理领域得到广泛应用.采用国际水质协会1999年提出的ASM No.2d模型,利用matlab作为程序开发工具编制计算模型,并利用该模型对一实验室规模SBR系统进行模拟.模拟过程中动力学和化学计量参数采用ASM No.2d给出的典型参数值,并结合实际SBR系统进行了修正.结果表明,该模型能够较好模拟SBR工艺同步脱氮除磷效能,说明应用ASM No.2d进行SBR系统的模拟能够对SBR系统的优化和控制起辅助作用.